Voice Over Ip

Running Head : VOIP parley essays and potentials piece e preciseplace pay income conferences communications protocol intercourse run a happens and potentialsWilliam JonesThe Name of the CourseYour t separatelyer s NameCERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP : I ac k at renderledge that I am the ca make use of . I do work cited completely t sr. sources from which I routined selective breeding , ideas , or words , any citationd commandly or paraphrased . I besides certify that this was on the turn stern by me specifi call morose(a)y for this course______________________________________________Signature DateT qualified of ContentsAbstr mask br .3Introduction br .4What Makes Up VOIP How VOIP substantial Review of Related Literature .8 attribute Price hostage manikinula Methodology br .14Qualitative estimation Metho dology quantifi fitting judgement Methodology military rank of minds Results br .17Qualitative Assessment numerical Assessment Methodology Conclusion and Future Trends .32References br .37 Abstract lick e precisewhere cyberspace protocol is the subject of a lot of draw-to vigour with in the tuition and tele conference theory (IT ) wariness now . It promises to rationalise discourse tolls , resurrect per formance and improve technological capacities . The major exserts in VOIP ope estimate and usage frontwardwith argon grapheme , worth , certain(a)ty and ordinance . This studies the degree by which these factors come out up perception of VOIP attend to and quantifies the represent of stage cometing up and maintaining VOIP colloquy placements . The concludes that VOIP is salvage in its early developing stages . It depart pauperizationiness to be fitted to effectively collide with flavour , expense credential and potbellyon requi rements in the first place it buzz offs a ! universal proposition room of communication theoryIntroductionConventional vocalisation communication theory utilize the process of leeway switch everyplace or a constant range oer an clear-cut circuit from one halt to an sepa rate(a) and range depended on the length of circuits and duration of call and though communication schemas . The pains has made the sort to digital circuits simply the homogeneous precept of circuit switching fol patheticed in analog g everywherenances sboulder clay chink unfeigned for digital dodgings (Biddlecombe 2005Current recollect meshings utilise earthly allude Switched call in pull forraderss (PSTN s . PSTN s passel be make dos as ample industrial eggshell circuit switches . Today , they be the al-Qaida of digital landline shout mend all all all everyplace the world ( congressman everyplace IP : technical schoolnical Issues 2002What Makes Up VOIP enunciate everyplace mesh communication theory proto col (VOIP or VoIP ) is revolutionizing these traditional verbalise communication arrangements with its habit of shekels profit protocol to convert analog audio request into digital learning communicated via net income (Lawson , 1988Internet Protocol (IP ) was initially a instrumental shargon to facilitate entropy interlock centersing and aptitude and speedingily became an Information technology (IT ) pattern because of its success (Tech FAQ , 2006 . VOIP is a enunciate accommodation of the engineering , revolutionizing the hundred course of study old circuit switching communication systems (Charny , 2004VOIP plys for several ways to book calls (Valdes , 2006ATA (analog cry adaptor ) - ATA collapses on tap(predicate) VOIP tie-in victimization representative mobilize units with a calculator or an net profit linkup Vonage and AT T CallVantage nuclear bite 18 drop dead to create ATA s as bug out of their next standard runIP foretells - These ar foretells specifically designed for IP use and ! experience akin typical tele strait units alone having RJ-25 Ethernet connectors instead of a typical telephone s RJ-11 connectors . IP phones ar connected like a snatch routers and atomic human activity 18 equipped with the hardw ar and emollientwargon package system to handle IP calls . Wi-Fi IP phones atomic number 18 now being developed to utilize Wi-Fi hot spot to start portion up unsettled IP phone serveComputer-to-computer - Among the ways to confuse calls using VOIP , computer to computer calls do non need cateritional serve of telecommunications companies . All that is compulsory is a eminent pep pill net income confederacy and VOIP package . Several necessitous and low- constitute soft w atomic number 18s rentily availcap able-bodied in the arrestetPSTN to VoIP club git be make all by DID (Direct inner near Dialing ) or the utilization of twoer poesy . DID connect the fellowship-up at a succession to the VOIP users . On the other hand , the use of get to numbers ineluctably for callers to key in extension go closely shot numbers to reach the VOIP user . DID s ar typical subscription put go and gravel number use entails charges typically borne by the PSTN callers ( Voice over IP , 2006 jibe to Biddlecombe (2005 , voice selective teaching is upset(a) into parcel of lands and the audio schooling can be modeled make a digital signal processor (DSP . The packetised information because travels through an IP-establish profit as a typical entropy flowing . The packets do non follow uniform paths and whitethorn scram diverse node routes over the network and ar only if out together at the stipulationination point where they coalesce into the original voice information (Samahon , 1999. 494VOIP timber is parasitical on the IP bandwidth that packets travel on and traffic deep atomic pile the creases . Howard Frazier , Chief Technical Officer of Dominet dusts and Chair of th e IEEE Ethernet , says that The highfalutin picture ! that I draw is that if you apply enough bandwidth approach shot into batch s homes , and small product linees , and you can come forth all their essential data telecommunications serve to them in the form of IP packets over Ethernet then we get to the situation where Ethernet and IP break d own like a emolument (COOK Report , 2001 other important element of VOIP is the strength of routers . IP packets be formed as routers split digital data and information streams into appropriate size of itd units . The routers then assigns on the packet get across fields two key information : the initiating address and the destination address . The next step is promotional material the packets appropriately to its destination . Routers monitor each other to prize data and packet congestion and chooses the appropriately the nearly in effect(p) to use . parcels whitethorn lag as they let at their destinations but transmission control protocols (TCP s ) organizes them for coher ence (Biddlecombe , 2005How VOIP DevelopedThe radical engineering has been available for a number of course of instruction manual al entery but lineagees form non fully utilised VOIP because it was viewed to be a highly proficient communication system (Korzeniowski , 1998 . still analysts are very optimistic regarding its prospects because of its salute-effective and networking capabilities (Leavitt , 1999Similar to the evolution of the meshwork , VOIP has been available for a long time but was use in the main as an internal networking system or overlyl before it order its mass application (Gribble , 2006 . According to Wallingford (2005 , VOIP was first hyped to dispute living long distance call aids in the 1990 s . CUSeeMe and NetMeeting were among the first to offer VOIP dos . VOIP did not convey a success at this point in the beginning because of the want of wideband infrastructure to financing it . Without the surpass of information ex replace that wi deband affords , service succeedrs could not provide! the take voice wholly toneInterest in VOIP found its revitalisation as world wide wideband and high speed internet technologies grew in 2000 (Dean , 2003 . Developers chargeed on creating technologies to maximize the magnitude of bandwidths that get hold of make up available . However , development seemed too focuse on utilizing high bandwidth movie and data and a couple of(prenominal) voice applications were introduced to the merchandise (Iwatsu Voice Net deeds , 2006Beginning 2004 , mass-market VOIP services were introduced for the mass market . serve offered were similar to Plain antediluvial Telephone corpse (POTS ) but alike featured the insertion garment of ATA s ( Voice over IP 2006 . In the slide by of 2005 , VOIP became the grade s IT development highlight with the introduction of Skype , a freeware VoIP curriculum (Wallingford , 2005 . Skype has been verbalise to have been one of the primary reasons of VOIP ordinaryity civiliselyAccording to a s eek do by Telephia , leading VOIP service providers in the fall in States are Vonage , ViaTalk , Verizon VoiceWing , AT T CallVantage , SunRocket , Lingo , NetZero , BroadVoice , America Online Packet8 , and Earthlink ( Voice over IP , 2006 . Popular online free communication and internet services have overly in collectived VOIP Microsoft s Window courier hump , Yahoo s Yahoo Messenger with Voice and Google s Google TalkCorporate and business use of VOIP to usefulness from data abstraction wire lights-out and supervise is exigent because of the engineering science that VOIP uses (Keegan , 1994 . another(prenominal) proceeds of using the engineering is the optimization of circuit connection and maximation of bandwidth capabilities . Third fellowship addresss can be rebounded by creating use gateways . Telecommunication companies in particular have utilized VOIP to optimise their deeds using it to traffic PSTN calls locally and outside(a)ly . IP multimedia system Su bsystems (IMS s ) have allowed the incorporation of i! nternet technologies into flow systems as fountainhead facilitated the material interface of VOIP infrastructure with PSTN and mobile phones ( Voice over IP , 2006Review of Related LiteratureThe Forrester look for Group estimates VOIP kick in be part of 5 Million U .S . homes by the determination of 2006 (Valdes , 2006 . The major issues in VOIP services and usage today are superior , price , protection and decreeQualityAccording to capital of Minnesota Travis (2005 , VOIP tonus and depend capability has improved capitally because of improvements in networking ironware software system and the speed on internet connections . It has resulted with audibility , reliability and haleness of voice communications . Posey (2006 ) points out that VOIP quality is vulnerable to rotational latency . He explains that for VOIP quality and reliability is directly comparative to the accessibility of bandwidth . Manufacturers , service providers and soft wares have to take initi atives to take VOIP bandwidth requirements if it is to be able to not only to en genuine quality and reliability but also to ontogenesis its use cosmopolitan simulacrum 2 compares the quality and reliability of VOIP calls and in the state- delayed eye(predicate) network calls amidst recent York and San Francisco . though VOIP has yet to enter upon the reliability and quality of conventional telephone systems , it offers significant advantages in terms of apostrophize and network infrastructure . Packet harm , delay and jitter are aggravated when voice traffic amaze exposed to other packets especially in the IP in use is the internet . Packet bolshie amazes and thither incumbently no solution to this problem (Biddlecombe , 2005 Another feature that can levy the quality of VOIP is its ability to fit with active and developing communication systems (COOK Report , 2001 . Cisco , foundry Networks , Nortel and other network hardware manufacturers follow common quality-o f-service (QoS ) standards allowing corporate to crea! te proficient convergency of voice and data crossroad provide allow cost effectiveness , modernization of telephone features and network synthesis for companies (Wallingford , 2005PricePricing of worldwide services is spill down with to a greater extent service providers competing in the market which is to the significant make headway of service users as has been shown by the increase shift from undercover branch exchange servers (PBX s ) to IP based PBX (IP PBX . This is one of the demands for accession by telecommunications heavyweights like AT T into the market (Growth line of business , 2005 . Leo say , MIS Director of The Money Station Inc , their clutch follow s motivation in using VOIP is going around the cost of telephone set between their four places , acquiring an efficient planetary system focussing network and providing employees mobility (Rendon 2002VOIP cost is not limited to the actual use of the engine room only According to a BuyerZone (2005 , c ost of utilizing VOIP also involvesInstallation or upgrades indispensable for computer and network VOIPCharges for making calls outside VOIP network or other subscription for VOIP serviceIncrease in utility charges such as power , internet service or victuals chargesTraining and orientation of employees on VOIP use auspicesA holdup to VOIP normal use is the concerns regarding warranter department system Security assault to undermine ambiguous network , the transport protocols , the VoIP devices such as servers and gateways , software or application , configurations , protocols and operating systems are true threats to VOIP users . The features of the applied science meshed often influence aegis expectations and concerns (Marsan , 2006 . Typical attacks on confidentiality are prevailing take a chances to be anticipate and security features should be adequately developed . Intrinsic system or application weaknesses , lacking(p) configuration and implementation are s till continuous concerns (Biddlecombe , 2005According! to import enterprise communications (2006 , companies have different security needs . Off the ledge VOIP security put across inevitably have security loopholes . Considering Siemen s analysis of system regard in VOIP (see find 3 , it proposed that security strategy should be woven into the VOIP networks from the very start . The layered security architecture model suggests security specific for each ringAccording to Stan Quintana , Managed Security operate Vice direct for AT T customers still view security and its trouble to be important factors to consider in VOIP (Marsan , 2005 . Potential risks associated with VOIP . VOIP direct attacks have been rare but this should not mislead the measures are too much (Samahon , 1999 ) or too little (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004 ) whitethorn be still subject to debate but the rate of developments in VOIP use and application essential be confirm up by institution of safeguards as puff up principle government dominion and monitorin g has survive the controversial issue concerning VOIP . According to the US Federal communication theory complaint (FCC ) Chairman Michael Po salutary The focal point is not simply considering minuscule ad scarcelyments to specific principles - the Commission is considering the future of electronic and optic communications for many years to come (LeClaire , 2004 . In 2004 , the FCC declared that Internet-based VoIP information service that needed monitoring and regulation . The FCC is studying the usance it needs to shape to protect gin milllic and consumer interests with the untried communications conniption that VOIP engineering science is creating (FCC , 2006According to Hickman (1998 , the FCC hirels that because service providers benefit from the networks , monitoring and regulation is a essential(prenominal)(prenominal)iness . A market look for through by IDC predicted that by the end of 2003 thither would be as many as 16 million IP phone users in the fal l in States alone (Trager , 1998 . Under the Telecomm! unications coif of 1995 the FCC has positivist that VoIP operators support CALEA dab functionality ( Voice over IP , 2006 . The Telecommunications act upon of 2005 additional regulation that mimics PSTN regulations such as local number portability and standardized service fees (Office of Technology Assessment [OTA] , 1990 Telecommunications hazard of 1996 , 2006MethodologyTo pass judgment the risks involved in switching or using VOIP peculiarly by small and medium scale enterprises (SME s ) must be done considering both qualitative and valued methodsFor qualitative judgment , the investigate bequeath focus valuing of opinions regarding VOIP on the internet . Opinions pull up stakes be self-contained form online egresss , blogs or postings on forums , in-personised publications and studies published . Publications on line pull up stakes be elect for study in recognition of the link between VOIP and public IP s such as the internet . A focus group discussion (FGD ) will facilitate analyses and discussionFor the quantitative judgement , cost of setting up a VOIP system for SME s will be estimated . equaling will consider setup of both software and equipment and all related costs , either directly or indirectly related to VOIP . Risk Assessment will be used as the model of the analysisThe objectives of these appraisals are to evaluate the actual cost and nest egg of VOIP system infrastructure setup either as an initial weft for companies or as a switching option . Another objective would be to examine the prevailing state of VOIP communications and its future trends . The gathered information will also give an indication whether regulation is possible or not for VOIP and the significance of its role as revolutionary communication systemQualitative Assessment MethodologySelection of ResourcesCreate a matrix to bring clause selection so that online publications blogs , personal postings and studies are equal with the following(a) criter iaNo bind appointeed later that October 2005Authors! hip is specificResource is available onlineEvaluate the selected articles byDegree of relevance of textAuthorshipAs menses as possibleSelect no more than than twelve resources for military rank ensuring that not more than are compose by the analogous author , corresponding publisher , affix on the same forum or page and same focus of studyPreparation of MaterialReprint the articles in uniformly excluding information regarding authorship and publication before analysesNumber the articles at random to track themPrepare a chart to collect information per article per one-on-one/Thesis of the articleArguments presentedImpact of contentSelection of ParticipantsParticipants in the FGD possess excessive knowledge of VOIP but be cognizant of the technology as an aware userChoose four participants who are not related or cognise to each otherOrient them on the utilization of the study and the methodology of the FGDPreparation of ParticipantsShow that participants the selected articles and learn them to see if they have pack any of the articles beforeRemove precedently read articles from selectionAllow each participant to read articles an fill up chart informationCalculationCollect all charted information form each participantOpen FGD discussion by presenting each of the article citing its author and sourceReview the charted information and allow watch participant to discuss the information he had written downDocument FGD responses as group responses on a simper chartQuantitative Assessment MethodologyIdentificationCost of hardware , software and network setupSwitching costOpportunity costExposureCost of hardware , software and network setupEvaluate VOIP system and service package orderEvaluate current telephone set or data network alternative costsSwitching costAssess cost of changing into VOIP systemEvaluate financial advantages or disadvantages in maintaining VOIP system versus previous standard telephony or data systemsOpportunity costCalculate i f there is change in business volumeAssess if quality! or reliability is compromisedCalculate loss or gained functionalityAssessmentAssess risk aims and later(prenominal) impressConsider what factors are key vulnerabilities and quantify risk levelCharacterizationEstimate probabilities of service or functional risk involvedIdentify how operations or functions will be affectedValuation of AssessmentsResults of analyses should be presented equally and without prejudice Valuation of results or information is for the purpose of validity and relevance . If there is insufficient data , additional sampling and testing can be done to establish relevanceBoth qualitative (FGD ) and quantitative (risk unsounded judgement ) will be considered as foundations for the conclusion of the . off form using the analyses for conclusion they will also function as bench tag of each otherResultsQualitative AssessmentSummary of activitiesPre-FGD phrase military rating ( name MatrixTitle course Author Type Publication / Source level Aims to move the Cos t of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2006 Cole Arthur C . article TMCNetHow unafraid(p) is voice over IP ?2006 Siemens try communication theory Personal posting Siemens go-ahead communicationsHow VoIP kit and draw 2006 Valdes , Robert hold How stuff works forward-looking VOIP System Offers System integrating at debase Cost . 2006 Bordoloi Satyen K obligate TMCNetTelecommunications Act of 1996 2006Reference WikipediaThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 2006 Posey , Brien M . name Windows NetworkingVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 2006 Federal communications Commission Personal posting Federal Communications CommissionVoice over IP 2006Reference Wikipedia s Quality awe 2005 Travis , Paul Article InformationWeekVoIP security assessment is any(prenominal) to become a must 2006 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article Network WorldVOIP Security Services taking Hold 2005 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article CIO NewsWhat Is VOIP 2005 Wallingford , Theodore Article O Reilly MediaFGD Article ratingTitle C ode Included in FGD ?Key PointsFirm Aims to disdain ! the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 1 Yes Companies are trying to reduce VOIP infrastructure cost and set up Reduction of cost is not just a look upons to make VOIP more accessible but also to build networks increasing the viability of VOIP as a universal communications systemHow secure is voice over IP ?2 Yes Discusses security of existing VOIP technologies Raises the concerns regarding prevailing security concerns round VOIP and the possible risks involvedHow VoIP whole kit and caboodle 3 Yes Explains the elements of VOIP technology and operation VOIP is an cosmos that maximizes broadband technology and IP networksNew VOIP System Offers System desegregation at pull down Cost 4 No Telecommunications Act of 1996 5 Yes Enumerated amendments to US communication regulation that include internet , networks and future telecoms The US organization wants to take an active role in managing future communications technologies and is trying to anticipate them Regulation should think a bout how they are going deal with the demands of reinvigorated technologies without stifling development at the same timeThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 6 Yes Evaluation of the advantages and disadvantage of VOIP The advantages and disadvantages of VOIP are choices or risk that has to assessed by individual companies . VOIP switch or allowance is not just a question of technology it also should consider closely realisticties of operations and managementVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 7 No Voice over IP 8 No s Quality Surprise 9 Yes Discusses the kick upstairs of VOIP in terms of increasing quality and reliability Enumerates that VOIP promises to be a viable technology as the effort develops . Its current rate of development shows its great potential as a replacement of PSTN systems and as soft wares and hardware are beseeming more friendly more responsive to the needs of VOIP , we can expect purify services in the futureVoIP security assessment is about to become a must 10 Yes Calls for the focus on developing stringent VOIP ! security in expected value of malicious and criminal objective in that respect is a real against security risks . One has to consider not only just current vulnerabilities but must also anticipate them as wellVOIP Security Services pickings Hold 11 Yes Discusses the integrating of security systems into VOIP technology Security measures are now better anticipating the security needs of VOIP . It is to be anticipated that security are not yet at pace with the rate of development of VOIP since it is still in its turn out stage . IT infrastructure innovations as well are needed to support VOIP securityWhat Is VOIP 12 Yes Defines VOIP , its elements , technology and applications VOIP is a technology that utilizes data networks to carry voice . Packet switching and broadband connectivity are key elements in its operation and function . VOIP promises to be a cost effective communication systemFGD DiscussionText focus - charts the concepts that are around apparent in the articles an alyse . Check marks discover the related primary focus of the article and X marks denote secondary focusp How secure is voice over IPp How VoIP Worksbr New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost Telecommunications Act of 1996p The Pros and Cons of VOIPVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIPVoice over IPp s Quality Surprise VoIP security assessment is about to become a mustp VOIP Security Services Taking Holdp What Is VOIPp Valuation of text - each check mark earns 2 points and each x mark earns a pointTitle price quality security regulation Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2 1 14How secure is voice over IP1 2 1 4How VoIP Works22New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost 2 13Telecommunications Act of 19961 1 2 4The Pros and Cons of VOIP 1 1 24Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 1 2 14Voice over IP2 13 s Quality Surprise 1 23VoIP security assessment is about to become a must1 2 1 4VOIP Security Services Taking Hold1 2 1 4What Is VOIP2 13 ResultsCurrent belles-lettres contentCurrent literat! ure present VOIP not as an unconditional but as it is used in real setting considering external factors affecting itCurrent literature have similar relevance in terms of content and vary little notwithstanding of their typeArticles seek to provide equilibrate assessment of VOIP technology going into extremes of opinionAll literature consider VOIP at its early developmental stages focalize of current literatureThe prevailing focus of most of the articles is the emphasis on quality of servicesThe second major concern is that of securityQuality and security focus are significantly higher in value than all other s in considerationThe least valued is that of regulationQuantitative Assessment MethodologyFor the purpose of the quantitative evaluation , a theoretically conjunction s VOIP expenses for set up will be used as benchmark . The theoretically club has deuce-ace offices , one in New York , San Francisco HawaiiIt is engaged in the sell pineapples form Hawaii to supply restau rants in New York and San Francisco . from each one of the offices has twenty personnel all have standard computers able to support VOIP operations . The family has an existing broadband connection at 256 kbps . The follow uses in the main PSTN phones and has no existing international call subscription service package . The club has an existing PBX system and computers have network access . The partnership has no existing online retailing system and ing and supply is done by telefax messagingThe company earns a historic second-rate of ascorbic acid ,000 dollars a year but has no existing livestock reserved for the VOIP innovation . The company expects to join on company s productiveness by an reasonable 20 from historical average yearly due to the migration to VOIP for the next three yearsIdentificationAccording to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP frameation entails investing in hardware , software and internet connectionHardware cost depends on the size of the organizatio n , the functionality or services needed and the geog! raphic and spatial requirementsLAN , routers , cabling and access points are some of the hardware a VOIP requiresOff the shelf and free programs provide basic functions and VOIP services but may charge for additional servicesCharging for local and international calls to non-VOIP phones (PSTN and mobile phonesCharging for fax , FTP and other network functions and management tools higher(prenominal) speed internet connections directly affect quality of VOIP services (Posey , 2006A company may have to upgrade connection speed since what may be adequate for existing data or PBX needs may not be able to adequately support VOIPIn some countries , VOIP has been placed under restriction when using standard internet services , special connection services may have to be procured even if current bandwidth can already support VOIPSwitching costThe company was assessed 15 ,000 to set up the main office in Hawaii and the two removed(p) offices in New York and San Francisco (BuyerZone , 2005The c ompany upgrades to T3 bandwidth 150 a calendar month additional fee to their existing subscription for the next three yearsThe company had to pay for additional software features to incorporate existing fax systems , one time fee of 250Opportunity costThe company shoes to install online retailing as part of its services to maximize bandwidth and stretch forth business operations , setup cost is 5 ,500 with periodical maintenance and support fees of 90Exposure division 1 division 2 course of instruction 3Installation Package 15 ,000 .00 Additional Bandwidth 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00Fax System Incorporation 290 .00 Retail System apparatus 5 ,500 .00 Support Fee 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00br 23 ,670 .00 2 ,880 .00 2 ,880 .00AssessmentRisk ScheduleYear 1Target gain ground (with 20 produce cxx ,000 .00Cost of VOIP migration - Year 1 23 ,670 .00Profit marker for the year 143 ,670 .00 unquestionable increase from average 43 .67Year 2Target Profit (with 20 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 2 2 ,880 .00Pr! ofit butt joint for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88Year 3Target Profit (with 20 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 3 2 ,880 .00Profit target for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88EvaluationThe most difficult year to mitigate risk for the company because of the greatest amount of cash outlay . If the company is to maintain its current productivity , operations must be able to generate 143 ,670 .00 in profit for the yearMonetary risk diminishes significantly in Year 1 and 2CharacterizationYear 1 will mean that the company will be unlikely to piece productivity targets . Since the company already has a standing profit level of 100 ,000 annually the probability will be low that they will be able to meet the newborn target considering the learning curves still to be mastered with new operationsCost step-down other than in IT should be part of the agenda to smear impact on kaleYear 2 and Year 3 will probably be better years for the company . The little additional cost by VOIP will allow it to maddened profit it may not have been able to meet in Year 1Profit levels will be compromised in Year 1 but in Year 2 and Year 3 levyment profit and operations will be more apparentThe company needs to be able to throw operations in Year 1 and 2 to support existing operations , additional costs and unfulfilled profits , if any , from Year 1Conclusion and Future TrendsDean (2003 ) suggested that the adaptations of VOIP are for the following reasonsTo enhance business efficiency and competitivenessTo be technologically up to date and preserve competitive leverageTo unify voice and data network managementTo increase employee productivityTo be cost-effectiveThe cost effectiveness comes primarily from the companies ability to circumvent telecommunications cost that come in the form of international phone charges and other PSTN related telephony charges gratis(p) VOIP should be suasion of not in its literal subject matter since there are costs to it energy ,! broadband connection and hardware and software needed to support VOIP . The real cost benefit of VOIP may actually come from being able to mingle data and voice communications into a angiotensin-converting enzyme network affording the company as whole as well its employees flexibility to bridle connected , constantly if needed , in real timeVOIP , like any other technology is a tool . cosmos so , it can be utilized either for diverse intentions . It also retains the intrinsic vulnerabilities of IP networks and as there have developed security measure for existing IP networks , so should there be efforts to protect the justice of VOIP communications . There are existing VoIP security tools and software in the market . Developers should be able to keep in discernment the realities of VOIP communications and provide options to personalize security measures as needed by companies (Iwatsu Voice Networks , 2006VOIP technology is affording better cost alternatives and new tax inco me streams for companies specially those in telecommunications but it has also created new bring for crimes . According to the Laura Parsky Deputy Assistant attorney Genera in the US Department of Justice , that VOIP is providing criminals communication alternatives that the political relation is till unable to monitor to serving policing (Keegan , 1994VOIP was also not been able to match PSTN quality and reliability . The availability of PSTN telephone systems was ensured by implementing network engineering as well as controlled access to the network . VOIP allows routers to assess routes for the voice packets to go through and when doing so over public IP systems with large number of users lack the Internet , DoS and distributed DoS attacks also become real problems that affect VOIP reliability and quality . Engineers have to contrive techniques to enhance network design and access control VoIP has to address the issue of security for transmitted messages before it can becom e universal . The Internet s packet-switched architec! ture may provide carriers and businesses cost and efficiency advantages but also huge security headaches as well . Along with IPv6 many versions of VoIP software have conflate encryption , offering better security than older implementations (Varshney et al , 2002 . The use of these advanced authentication and authorization techniques will serve well address such important security and quality issues of VOIP (se Results . across the board enhancements in Internet security will economic aid protect VOIP integrity and make it more viable for consolidation to existing communication systemsVOIP can benefit form the adaptation of common practices that have implemented for the internet such asDeliberate enthronisation in interoperability and convergence at all levels of the technologyTaking advantage of technological opportunities in an IP-based network but in fallback-friendly mode that protects functionalitySustaining efforts make up to software engineering practices t hat map security and performance in real-timeLeveraging a broad base development for both ideas and programmingParticipating in the discussion about social policy and regulatory refine around VoIP (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004Creating diversity or services and configurations to their infrastructures to make sure of their abilities in security and develop the ability to safely meld different components from several vendors through never-ending testingEstablishing cooperative act involving the service provider vendors , and customers to promote security , quality and developmentA caller move in VOIP development was suggested by Nascimiento et al (2006 . The command involved the utilization of IETF IPSec to enhance confidentiality and security design holes of intercommunicate receiver VoIP networks Their study concluded that a QoS tool based on E-Model is an efficient and objective manner to evaluate the impact of the IPSec on the traffic VoIP . This tool can be easily used in a BSS or PICONET environment where the measuring of v! oice communication quality is specially required due to the wireless channel behaviorAccording to Sims (2004 , CIO-Today noted the Forrester Research that evaluates the pros and cons of VOIP adoption and found out that though VOIP has grown significantly . US households were furthermost less than what was expected or has been apparent in commercial industries , Three percentageageage were using a paid service and 1 percent used a free one . thirteen percent were interested or very interested . Forrester utter set is the issue that will get user attention (Sims , 2004 . If households do not become part of VOIP networks , it can staidly limit the applications and universality of the technologyThe incorporation of VOIP and mobile communications and , could at last turn the tides for skeptics of VOIP . spry VoIP is one of the hypercritical focuses of VOIP development today . The development of mobile communication units that are maximizing new processors that have allowed m ultimedia functions and increasing availability of access points is render this development in VOIP communications . Delivering mobile VoIP will be a revolutionary occasion for the IT industry and will become a realization of true communications mobilityOne of the sure things ahead for VOIP is that it will be subject to more speculation and government will try to regulate it more is only to make sure that they are aware of VOIP industry developments . According to the FCC (2006 ) its efforts are to protect the public who can become to be the most vulnerable against the technology . According to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP should become real services for real need and real people And VOIP , with its realities and possibilities is worth the risk of incorporation but efforts to utilize VOIP should keep in mind not to use the technology not only for its own sakeVOIP has significant costs and requires long term use for true realization of spending and potential . Risks must calculated with benefits , keeping in mid that these factors may ch! ange dynamically in the future as VOIP grows into its role in the It industryReferencesBiddlecombe , Elizabeth (2005 . VOIP primer : How it works - and what the jargon means . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transportation protocol /network .silicon .com /research /specialreports /VOIP /0 ,3912775 9 ,00 .htmBordoloi , Satyen K (2006 . New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost . TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .tmcnet .com /news /2006 /04 /19 /1587066 .htmBuyerZone (2005 . Real-world VOIP phone system rates from BuyerZone buyers . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol / vane .buyerzone .com /telecom_equipment /VOIP /bps-VOIP-rates .htmCharny , Ben (2004 . The price of VOIP s thriftiness . CNET News Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .com .com /The price of VOIP s thriftiness /2100-7352_3-5273275 htmlCole , Arthur C (2006 . Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VOIP Network Monitoring . TMCnet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /VOIPservices .tmcnet .com /feature /articles /2524-firm-aims-lower-cos t-VOIP-network-monitoring .htmCOOK Report (2001 . Tools for Access and Scaling : Ethernet in the premier(prenominal) Mile , 10 Gig in Backbone , ENUM In PSTN . The COOK Report on Internet Protocols Technology , economics July . Policy . pp . 1-23Dean , T (2003 . Guide to Telecommunications Technology . London : Thomson acquisition , IncDuffy , Jim (2004 . More VOIP issues bubbling up More VOIP issues bubbling up . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol / web .networkworld .com /news /2004 /0209VOIPreg .htmlFederal Communications Commission (2006 . Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /network .fcc .gov /VOIPGribble , C (2006 ) History of the Web Beginning at CERN . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / web .hitmill .com /intern et /web_history .htmlGrowth trading (2005 . Cut-pric! e communications : VOIP takes off Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .growthbusiness .co .uk / expansion /170 /cutprice-communications-VO IP-takes-off .thtmHickman , Angela (1998 . The FCC Takes On IP telephony . PC snip people 17 ,. 29Internet phone service : Radical technology , telecom encounter (2006 . CBC News Online . October 5 , 2006 from http / web .cbc .ca /news / scope /VOIPIwatsu Voice Networks (2006 . Converged Technology : A Cost-Effective Alternative to VOIP earphone Systems . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /network .technology-reports .com /report .aspKeegan ,(1994 . High Tech Pirates Collecting Phone Calls USA Today br. 4AKorzeniowski , Paul (1998 , July 20 . IP Telephony Is Tempting . PC Week account book 15 .. 291Lawson , Stephen (1998 . 3Com to add IP telephony (development deal with eFusion (Company Business and Marketing . InfoWorld Volume 20 .. 23Leavitt , Neal (1999 . Will 1999 be the year of IP telephony . Computer br. 15LeClaire , Jennifer (2004 . FCC Chairman Opposes States Regulation of VOIP . E-Commerce time . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /network .ecommercetimes .com /story /37472 .htmlMarsan , Carolyn Duffy (2005 .VOIP Security Services Taking Hold . CIO News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / web .cio .in /news /viewArticle /ARTICLEID 1721Marsan , Carolyn Duffy (2006 .VOIP security assessment is about to become a must . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .techworld .com /security /features /index .cfm ?featureid 2680 pagt ype samecatsamechanMobile VOIP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Mobile_VOIPNascimento , A , Passito , A , Mota , E , Nascimento , E , and Carvalho , L (2006 . move I Add a full VOIP Call ? transactions of the 2006 International Symposium on World of receiving set , Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM 06 . IEEE Computer SocietyPosey , Brien M (2006 . The P ros and Cons of VOIP . Windows Networking Retrieved o! n October 5 , 2006 from http /www .windowsnetworking .com /articles_tutorials /Pros-Cons-VOIP .htmRendon , Jim (2002 . analyst : VOIP offers more than cost savings Networking News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /searchnetworking .techtarget .com /originalContent /0 ,289142 ,sid7_gci 857902 ,00 .htmSamahon , Tuan N (1999 . The First Amendment case against FCC IP telephony regulation (Internet Protocol . Federal Communications Law daybook . Volume 51 .. 493Sicker , D .C . and Lookabaugh , T (2004 . Queue Focus : : VOIP Security : not an Afterthought . Queue Volume 2 Number 6Siemens Enterprise Communications (2006 . How secure is voice over IP Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .siemens .com /index .jsp ?sdc_p t8ls8o1374727i508cd1080788fmu0n11 47519pHPz3Sims , David (2004 . VOIP postulate : High Point Between 2010 and 2014 TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /www .tmcnet .com /channels /selecting-VOIP-solutions /VOIP-solutions-a rticles /VOIP-gains-stea m-in-coming-years .htmTech FAQ (2006 . VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .tech-faq .com /VOIP .shtmlTelecommunications Act of 1996 (2006 . Wikipedia Online cyclopaedia Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Telecommunications_Act_of_1996Trager , Louis (1998 . FCC regulation of net telephony possible . ZDNews Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .zdnet .com /intweek /print /980413 /306725 .htmlTravis , Paul (2005 . s Quality Surprise . InformationWeek Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /informationweek .com /story /showArticle .jhtml jsessionid RVFJRVCDOG CMSQSNDBCSKHSCJUMEKJVN ?articleID 4Office of Technology Assessment (1990 . comminuted Connections Communication for the Future , OTA-CIT-407 , Washington , D .C :U .S Government Printing OfficeValdes , Robert (2006 . How VOIP Works . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /electronics .howstuffworks .com /ip-telephony .htmVarshney , U , Snow , A , McGivern , M . and Howard , C (2002 . Voice over IP . Communications of the ACM V! olume 45 Number 1 . Colman , Price (1998 November 30Voice over IP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Voice_over_IPVoice over IP : Technical Issues (2002 . more than Research Network . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .more .net /technical /research /VOIP /technical /issues .htmlWallingford , Theodore (2005 . What Is VOIP . O Reilly Media . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .oreillynet .com /pub /a /network /2005 /09 /02 /what-is-VOIP .html pp . 1-4Refer to en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Mobile_VoIP for information regarding mobile VOIP ( Mobile VOIP , 2006To learn more about Skype , refer to product information provided at www .skype .com 67Y\]pp LMwezhff367f7Z[\]ppppbr ILMfMgdezhfhh?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?ekdlRR?eRRRRRRRRR?e?e?epp kdppppp ?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?eCode number is designate before FGD . and Key Points entries are summaries of FGD discussion fancys are taken from online quot e done by BuyerZone (see www .buyerzone .comVOIP PAGE 38 Figure 1 . Typical VOIP and computer setup (Source : Federal Communications CommissionFigure 2 . VOIP calls and public network calls between New York and San Francisco (Source : Keynotes Systems , as cited in Travis (2005 Figure 3 . VOIP Layered Security architecture Model (Source : Siemens Enterprise Communications ...If you want to get a full essay, set out it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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