Alexander Hamilton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander Hamilton - Research Paper Example III. Education and Work An introduction and analysis of the education and work of Alexander Hamilton is taken up in this section. VI. Influence on the U.S. Alexander Hamilton’s crucial role in and influence on the U.S. is revealed through the analysis in this section. V. Conclusion Apart from concluding the paper in general, this section gives a significant hint about why he was forgotten in the history of America. It also gives details about the historical importance of the role played by Alexander Hamilton. Alexander Hamilton I. Introduction Alexander Hamilton (1755  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ1804), the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, was born a British subject in the British West Indies and he served as lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to George Washington in the Revolutionary army. His crucial role as a Founding Father of the nation, economist, political philosopher, and most importantly the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury confirms his vital contributions to shaping of the republic. A detailed examination of his life and works will essentially draw out how tirelessly and earnestly he fought for the freedom and shaping of the republic in the U.S. ... 1). However, Hamilton’s image in the memory of the American public remains highly overcast and indistinctly negative, due various reasons. In spite of the achievements and contributions he made throughout his life, Hamilton has never been able to capture the hearts of the Americans like other founding members of the republic and he remains as a forgotten founder and statesman of the United States of America. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the life and work of Alexander Hamilton in order to make known the crucial role of this Founding Father of the nation in the shaping of the republic in the U.S. II. Early Life: A. Family As aforementioned, Alexander Hamilton was born in 1755 in the British West Indies, in the remote Leeward Island of Nevis, as the son of James Hamilton, a Scottish merchant of St. Christopher, and Rachael Fawcette Levine, of French Huguenot descent. One of the fundamental factors about the early life of Hamilton is that his birth itself brought c ontroversies as he was born illegitimate under the Danish law. His mother had married a Danish proprietor at her young age and she became ineligible for remarriage when she was granted her divorce from this marriage, under the Danish law. Therefore, Alexander Hamilton was born out of wedlock to his father and mother and the records of his early life are scanty. Similarly, there are debates about the exact year of his birth, whether it was 1757 or 1755. It is also notable that Alexander and his brother James were not eligible for public education due to the illegitimacy of their birth, although Alexander was sent to a Hebrew school for early education. In the year 1768, when he was just eleven years of age, Alexander lost his mother who died of fever. â€Å"Business failures

Performance in Basketball and Badminton Essay Example for Free

Performance in Basketball and Badminton Essay Mostly stood at top of key waiting for people to pass to him and so did little movement  Major strengths of activity one- Basketball  1. Very good natural speed, able to keep up with the pace of the game  2. Natural accuracy when passing and shooting at short range  3. Good control of ball able to move at speed and hold control  4. Held his position as point guard well  5. kept away from opposition tackles  Major weaknesses of activity one- Basketball. 1. Over confidence when playing against people he thought he was better than  2. Over exerted himself and got tired  3. Head down when dribbling and missed lots of movement off the ball  4. Unable to throw ball long distances accurately  Major strengths of activity 2-Badminton  1. Short serve was effective in troubling their opponent.  2. Able to clear the net 90% of the game.  3. Net shots were good and they made the opponent struggle to return.  4. Good at using tactics to beat their opponent.  5. Smash was powerful and well positioned most of the time.  Major weaknesses of activity 2-Badminton  1. Lack of power in most shots.  2. Grip on racket was too tight so he couldnt control the racket effectively.  3. Movement on court was lacking and he didnt return to the centre of court often enough.  4. Overhead clear was not powerful enough to force opponent to play from the back of the court. Evaluation of Basketball This activity was not performed too well by the candidate. The subjects passing was weak, inaccurate and predictable so it was very hard to receive his passes. When receiving a pass he often went straight into dribbling this meant that he instantly lost his triple threat position. His shooting was often wayward of the basket and he could only score 50% of his lay-ups and rarely hit a shot from any distance. When laying up he took 3 steps to settle himself in and this in a game would be a travelling violation, which means that even if he scored the basket would not count to the score of the team and he would give away possession of the ball. In comparison with the rest of the group his skills were below average as the group were a top set PE group and most had a relatively good command of the group. His dribbling however was not too bad and the technique was similar to the demonstration given by the teacher in the fact that the ball was kept close to the body and the fingers were used to control the ball. His knowledge of the skill however was limited as he continued to double dribble on occasions, particularly when setting up for a shot or a pass. He also mainly used his right hand and when trying with his left he quickly lost control and dropped the ball then he was not fully committed to regaining control and instead of chasing the ball he pulled up and gave up the chase. Off the ball he was unable to gain a good position when on offence and never made any cuts into the key and he was always trying to get behind the ball this made him little threat towards the defensive side. When on defence he always chased the ball wherever it went and this left a hole in the defence that was easy to get through and this is a game-losing flaw in his skills. The group were performing a specific defensive strategy that the subject didnt seem to understand. Compared to players who were seemingly good at basketball his overall skills were relatively poor.  Overall his abilities in basketball are not effective but he could improve a lot and be good enough to hold his position in a game situation. His levels of fitness seemed to be quite high, particularly his speed over short distances, but his enthusiasm during the game seemed to affect his endurance because as the game progressed he seemed to be suffering from fatigue and the rest of the group were then able to take command of the game.

Critical and Significant Accounting Policies

Critical and Significant Accounting Policies After Enrons scandal, accounting world underwent dramatic changes. Lots of acts were proposed or released. On May 10, 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission (which is SEC) proposed a document, that Disclosure in Managements Discussion and Analysis about the Application of Critical Accounting Policies. One year later, SEC released final rule No.72, Interpretation: Commission Guidance Regarding Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. First one introduces the framework for critical accounting policies; second one describes how to actually interpret critical accounting policies in the section off Managements Discussion and Analysis (MDA). However, even till now, people are still in confusion of the differences between those accounting policies: critical accounting policies or estimates and significant accounting policies, a way to actually and precisely disclose these two. In a more efficient way, I will go through the definition of these two accounting policies first. After that, I will introduce the intent of these two, why we use them. The last but not least, I will use a 10-K form from Apple Inc. to make an example, how we present their contents and formats appropriately. Definitions In the accounting standard codification, Financial Accounting Standards Board (which is FASB) has a definition to significant accounting policies, which is Accounting principles and methods are judged by the appropriate circumstances to present fairly financial position, according to GAAP make financial statement. (Codification, 235-10-05-3) This is very general presentation of financial statement. While, in contrast to significant accounting policies, the critical accounting policies and estimates are defined by SEC, which is Critical accounting built on assumption about uncertain matters, including period and affect Companys financial condition (SEC, 2002). It is very obvious, that just from the definition of latter: the critical accounting policies and estimates describe only uncertainties of future changes that also have material impacts. The Differences of Disclosure Intent The information of significant accounting policies is important and essential for entities financial statement users. The significant accounting policies and estimates, which is vital part of the entities financial statements, disclose fairly financial position, etc. (Codification, 235-10-50-1). Meanwhile, they are a major component of the financial statements as well. They interpret what accounting policies the entity is currently adopting. FASB also states that, the significant accounting policies can affect entitys financial position, and can be used for making economic decisions (Codification, 235-10-05-4). Because of Enron scandal, Securities and Exchange Commission intends to give more information of the entity to investors. The quality of corporate disclosures needs to be improved. I believe the intent of critical accounting policies is to disclose the accounting policies needed management judgments and estimations with the uncertainties. The critical accounting policies are the vital components in note of the managements discussion and analysis. SECs FR-60 interpreted as followed: Financial position may imply precisions, continuities and certainties that can be rapid changed in the financial status and operating environment. Thus, even general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) maybe more or less fail to present important information if it is not appropriate accompanied or clear analytic disclosed to facilitate an investors understanding of the companys financial condition, and the possible changes in the operating condition (SEC, 2001). According to above information, we should be aware of that, not only the definitions are different, but also the intents of using these two accounting policies are substantially distinct from each other. FASBs purpose of significant accounting policies cannot be served for SECs critical accounting policies and vice versa. Contents Presentation The significant accounting policies defined by FASB for the applications of accounting principles and methods have a wide range of general description. In contrast of that, critical accounting policies and estimates that proposed by SEC only estimate some of the substantially uncertain and material accounting policies. FASB specifies the disclosure of significant accounting policies should identify the accounting principles and the methods that will materially affect the financial position, and results in different operations, or cash flow. They include judgments, whether principle appropriate between revenue and asset cost during current or future period (Codification, 235-10-50-3). In this paper, I used Apple annual report as an example. In the Form 10-K/A of Apple Inc. (filed in Jan 25, 2010) include presentation and preparation, fair value measurements, financial instruments, inventories, property plant and equipment, asset retirement obligations, goodwill, foreign currency translation and remeasurement, revenue recognition, shipping costs, allowance for doubtful account, warranty expense, software development cost, income taxes, stock-based compensation, advertising costs, earnings per common share, comprehensive income, segment information. For example, Apple disclosed inventories item at (LCM) lower the of cost, or market, calculated with FIFO (first-in, first-out) method. In recognition item, the Company recognizes revenue when delivery has occurred or any persuasive evidence of an agreement exists. Moreover, in revenue recognition item, for multiple-element arrangements which may include tangible products that contain software that is essential to the ta ngible products functionality and undelivered software elements that relate to the tangible products essential software, the Company allocates revenue to all deliverables based on their selling prices (Form 10K/A, 2009). Before application, there are requirements that the critical accounting estimates should meet: at the made time of accounting estimates, the uncertain assumption; another is, any kinds of estimates used during current period and changes made in the estimate should impact the financial condition materially. There three elements that are involved in the accounting estimation: the first is to understand the accounting estimates; the second is to give a clearer comprehending to the financial condition for normal investors; the third is to disclose management discussed development (SEC, 2002). Furthermore, the critical accounting policies and estimates should be as the supplements of notes of financial statements, but not duplicate any related information that already presented. The critical accounting polices disclosure should provide relevance information deeply (SEC, 2003). From the secs intention, accountants should take strongly responsibility for the risk of estimates and changes. Moreover, accountants should be able to explain how they came out with the results and estimates. If last year a bank made a lot of relative new loans, so the report would look good. But if many of those borrowers later failed to pay, then this years report would look very bad. So for the next year, the bank management will be required to estimate how many borrowers would fail to pay, maybe a percentage, and put it in the notes of MDA. In the last years Form 10-K/A of Apple Inc. the critical accounting policies and estimates are related to inventory valuation and inventory purchase commitments, revenue recognition, income taxes, valuation of marketable securities, warranty costs, allowance for doubtful accounts along with the legal and other contingencies. In the section of inventory valuation, Apple Inc. emphasize the critical accounting estimate as followà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡ The Company must order components for its products and build inventory in advance of product shipments. The Company records a write-down for inventories of components and products, including third-party products held for resale, which have become obsolete or are in excess of anticipated demand or net realizable value. The Company records accruals for estimated cancellation fees related to component orders that have been cancelled or are expected to be cancelled. Consistent with industry practice, the Company acquires components through a combination of purchase orders, supplier contracts, and open orders based on projected demand information. These commitments typically cover the Companys requirements for periods ranging from 30 to 150 days. (Form 10K/A, 2009à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° The inventory item that disclosed in the significant accounting policies is very straightforward and simple, like lower cost or market cost. However, here the company estimates the future inventory by forecasting, and later, if the consumers or markets demand changed, which is unpredicted, the company would write-down the records, when it needed. Also, in revenue recognition section analyzes the possible reductions to revenueà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡ Management was making estimates based on historical experience. If a greater proportion of customers redeem the incentives other than estimated, the Company would record credits to revenue, which would have a decrease on revenue.à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Form 10K/A, 2009à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Although, the revenue reduction is estimated by historical records, the future market condition may change, for example, the incremental price protection obligations incur. The additional reduction to revenue would be resulted in. Additionally, the company gave an estimation of unspecified software upgrade revenue: if the Companys ESP for the software upgrade rights related to iPhone would have been fluctuated either higher or lower, the Companys net sales of year 2009, would have decreased or increased up to $50 million as compared to that of last year (Form 10K/A, 2009). Furthermore, compare with just one sentence in significant accounting policies, the allowance for doubtful accounts section in the critical accounting and estimates presents the very detailed information. Besides the historical experience, the company also considers about the future economic environment, the financial condition. If there is a deterioration of financial condition, the company will have to adjust the allowance accounts, which means the adjustments are going to be made. The formats The formats of two accounting policies are significant different, because one is by FASB, and another is by SEC. The significant accounting policies are disclosed in the notes of the financial statement of item 8 in form 10-K. Under FASB codification: the disclosure format of significant accounting policies is in a summary of significant accounting policies at the very beginning of the notes of the financial statements (Codification, 235-10-50-6). Normally, there is a boilerplate of the disclosure for the significant accounting policies. Compare to the boilerplate formatted significant accounting policies, the critical accounting policies and estimates are normally presented in plain language. The disclosure format should be clear, that the investor could understand easily (SEC, 2002). With a different disclosure place, the critical accounting policies and estimates are only disclosed in MDA. Conclusion After studying both accounting policies, I find out the significant accounting policies and critical accounting policies and estimates are substantially generated by separate individuals with different disclosure purposes. Furthermore, as the supplementary of significant accounting policies, critical accounting policies and estimates normally describe some needed adjustments, if the future economic environment and customers or market financial conditions change. Post Enron period, SECs has taken a very clear-cut stand, for fear of more accounting scandals, by providing more contents about how the uncertainties, assumption, approximation and estimation would affect the companys financial statement in critical accounting policies.

Business Ethics Issues in the Movie Boiler Room Essay -- business ethi

Business ethics issues in the movie â€Å"Boiler room† Business comprises principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. Stakeholders-investors, customers, interest groups, employees, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific behavior is right or wrong, ethical or unethical. Judgments of these groups influence society’s acceptance or rejection of a business and it’s activities. Every business has a social responsibility toward society. That means to maximize positive affects and minimize negative affects on the society. Social responsibilities includes economic-to produce goods and services, that society needs at the price, that satisfy both-business and consumers, legal responsibility-laws that business must obey, ethical responsibilities-behaviors and activities that are expected of business by society, but are not codified in the law, philanthropic responsibilities-represent the company’s desire to give back to society (charietys, volunteering, sponsoring). Ethical issues in business arise because of conflicts between an individuals personal moral philosophies and values and values or attitudes of organization in which a person works and a society in which one lives. Ethical issues can be identified in terms of the major participants and functions of business. Ethical issues related to ownership include conflicts between manager’s duties to the owners and their own interests, also separation of ownership and control of business. Financial issue includes, for example, the accuracy of reported financial documents. Ethical issues can acquire between manages and employees, then employees are asked to carry out assignments they consider unethical. Consumers and marketing issues are related to providing safe desired products for a fear price and not harming people and an environment. Accountants also face ethical dilemma, they have to deal with competition advertising commission. All of this places the accounting profession in situatio n of ethical risk. Ethical issues are also classified, as conflict of interest-when person has to choose between his own interests and company’s interests. Communications-false and misleading communications can destroy costumer’s trust, for example, false advertisement, hard sell etc. Technology issue refers to both costumers and organizations. Using technology many bus... ...d to deal with all those issues during a movie. He felt a pressure from his father, who was a judge, had very high standards, and was very concerned about his own carrier. He wanted to prove to his father, that he is not a looser and that he can make him proud. Deep inside he wasn’t a bad person and then he found out what accompany is doing to costumers he had to choose between right and wrong. Although, he enjoyed working in the firm and was good at what he did, he understood that he is destroying people’s lives and their trust. One positive think came out from this scam that was then he decided to return money to his costumer, although, it was illegal it was ethical. Different people have different views of what’s ethical, and what’s not in business world. Lack of rules and pure enforcement of rules that exist create opportunities for unethical behavior. I think, one has to decide for themselves what is ethical and what is not. An activity approved of by most members of an organization and customary in the industry is probably ethical, but it could be unethical to one or few individuals, because everybody has their own ideas and beliefs about what’s ethical and what’s not.

Conflict is the essence of drama Essay

The effect of conflicts in drama is profound, and conflicts contribute to a great extent in making drama attractive for audience to watch. Conflict basically forwards drama, while in the meantime it leads to changes that attract audiences as it progresses through time. Conflict shows character, their realizations, and also realizations of audiences, all of which make drama interesting to attract audiences. It projects meanings and gives vividness to drama, thus it makes drama interesting in order to attract audiences. Conflict forwards drama by introducing changes that keeps the audiences sited. Audiences find an unchanging play that follows routine to be boring and hopes to find differences. Thus, changes are necessary in drama for it to demand a reaction from the audiences that’s maintained, so that they can keep focused to the play. In Oedipus, changes occur from the beginning of the play to the end. Oedipus doesn’t go through a normal life as being a king or live a happy life with his wife, but experiences through a catastrophe that influences his life. Critical changes are brought out by conflict at certain moments and introduce newness to drama, for example when Jocasta discovers that Oedipus is the child she sent years ago. The conflict is within Jocasta herself, of sinfully being both a wife and mother of Oedipus. Also the conflict is between her and people of Thebes, including Oedipus, where the normal relationship has been destroyed. These two conflicts mean a dramatic change in Jocasta herself, and for the play, as it moves on acknowledging the effects of these changes. Similarly, in â€Å"Macbeth†, changes are brought out throughout the play, enriched by conflicts within characters, such as Macbeth, and conflicts between characters, such as between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. The two monologs of Macbeth shows his inner conflict between his consciences and his ambition, which slowly drives him towards murdering the king. The vast change in his inner mind based on the conflict sets the basis for the play and leads to the potential consequences that happen later. Conflict between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth occurs when Lady Macbeth accuses her husband of not being a man to have the courage murder. Changes are brought out as Macbeth becomes more firm and aggressive towards the murder, which then affects direction of the whole play by moving closer towards the murder and gives the audiences anticipation towards th e killing. This brings a sense of delight in the audiences to keep them focused to the play. By having conflicts which leads to changes, drama is forwarded along with the reactions from the audiences. At the same time conflict forwards a play, conflict also shows character of the characters. In â€Å"Oedipus†, conflict is presented between characters such as between the Terisias the priest and Oedipus. The technique of stichomythic dialogue is used when the two have a conflict in their conversation, to show the characters’ emotions, especially Oedipus’s pride. Short, fast sentences are used when Oedipus hears Teiresias’s accusation on him, he says â€Å"Shall I bear more of this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Teiresias answers â€Å"I will. The stichomythic dialogue shows Oedipus’s jealousy and his tyranny behavior. By being not able to see the warning language of Terisias, he’s also shown to be arrogant. His conversation with Creon further shows his arrogance and hubris. Again, stichomythic dialogue is used when Oedipus says â€Å"By no means. I would have you dead, not banished† and Creon answers â€Å"if you can show in what way I have wro nged you†. In â€Å"Macbeth†, conflict within Macbeth himself shows his character. In Shakespeare’s portrayal of Macbeth, there’s resolution and irresolution, there’s decision and indecision, all which describes his character. During the two long monologs, his relentless ambition fights with his conscience, showing the opposing two sides of his inner character. When Macbeth sees the dagger hanging in front of him, he mentions he thinks not of them and that â€Å"there’s no such thing†, but it is indeed ironic because he’s mind is actually focused on them. The irony shows his character, the fighting between trying to remain conscience by not thinking of them and murdering the king. He mentions the dagger as a â€Å"false creation†, but in his deep heart desires to use it. Along with showing character, conflict shows their realizations, and more, makes also the audiences to realize. With â€Å"Oedipus†, audiences realize the effect of hubris of people, after seeing how Oedipus experiences his downfall. Audiences realize how the dominating emotions of arrogance, jealousy, pride affect Oedipus in refusal to recognize his wrongness. The paradox of Terisias of being physically blind but sees things correctly in terms of morality further contrasts with Oedipus’s emotion, and further encourages the audiences to realize hubris. Although in â€Å"Oedipus†, realizations happen while the audiences have a certain outline, some knowledge on the play, audiences still experience the play differently, since it is live. However, this is not true with â€Å"Macbeth†, as history of the play is made up as going along. Audiences realize the consequences of Macbeth after murdering the king by seeing that, in the end, he dies in the battle. Characters themselves also have realizations in drama, usually at critical moments where conflict makes the play changes its plot dramatically. Oedipus’s realization of him being the son of Laius comes slowly, but also catastrophically. Again, the tension of the realization is built up using stichomythic dialogues. Oedipus realizes that he can never go back to where he was. His conflict lies in that he wishes to return to being the king as before, but the truth does not allow him to do so. Similarly, In â€Å"Macbeth†, realization of Macbeth comes with his action of murdering the king. There is clearly a feeling of being scared of others discovering their actions inside Macbeth and Lady Macbeth after murdering the king, as they rhetorically question the noise of the surroundings. Also, Macbeth mentions† I’ll go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done†, suggesting he realizes the dangers that would occur to him if his actions were discovered. Conflict in drama projects meaning, though it might not project a resolution to the problem at the end of the play. The end of one conflict in the play doesn’t necessary mean that there will be no future conflicts. In â€Å"Oedipus†, the fall of Oedipus doesn’t indicate the problem of the nation has been solved, but on the contrary, there might be other arrogant tyrants like Oedipus in the future. However, the story of â€Å"Oedipus† somehow teaches the audiences to be morally good, therefore it has a meaning. Similarly, in â€Å"Macbeth†, the tragedy of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth teaches audiences to realize that following a path similar to them will lead to destruction. Duncan’s speeches of gracefulness, loyalty, honor, honesty and integrity are meant to project moral rightness, therefore to teach morally. Still, there’s no final resolution at the end of the play and it may mean that there will be other tyrants like Macbeth in the future. However, the play itself has projected meanings which, attracts audiences to watch it because simply no one would be interested in a play with no meanings. In conclusion, conflict does not only perform the basic functions for drama, such as forwarding the play, but conflict’s main effect is that it makes drama more interesting, which is essential to attract audiences. Changes are brought out by conflict that introduces something different, and something new. Also, characters in drama are shown vividly through conflict. Conflict projects meaning, create realizations of the audiences and characters, with all of this, it makes drama fascinating and irregular.

Shakespeares sonnet essays

Shakespeare's sonnet essays How plainly here the poet speaks! In the enormous plenitude of his conceptions which have not as yet found a human sphere to vent themselves, the thought occupies him that his mind as well as his body will grow old, that the exuberance, or beauty, of his intellect, now gazed on with so much admiration, the youthful freshness of his intellectual powers, which now afford him such delight, will gradually decay, some day cease to be, and that, in the field of his intellectual beauty, time will dig deep trenches. If he should then be asked where all his beauty lies, where all the treasure of his lusty days, and he be forced to reply that they were in his own, then, deep-sunken (mind's) eyes, it would be an all-devouring shame, and thriftless praise. But, how much the more would the use of his beauty praise deserve, if he could answer: "This fair child of mine shall sum up my account, and make my old, i. e. late excuse." He must therefore use his mind's beauty, display it in productions, h e must create, beget an intellectual child. By this alone can he be represented in after ages. The beauty of his creations will be pointed out by posterity as belonging to him. How delightful the consolatory reflection, that even when his intellect grew aged, when the enthusiasm of youth, his intellectual blood became cold, he could still contemplate in his creations the glowing ardour of his prime! This sonnet raises the question of the locus of self-worth: Does it lie in the self, or in the world's opinion of self? We see for the first time in the sequence the technique of double exposure, by which Shakespeare offers to alternative scenarios both responding to the same situation. In an indirect discourse, the young man that Shakespeare refers to, at the age of forty, has two possible answers to the question, "Where lies thy beauty and Where all the treasure of thy lusty days? These questions are answered by the lines, "Within my own deep-sunken e...

Free Essays on Describe And Evaluate One Study Into Conformity

Kim. Moreland Describe and evaluate one study into conformity. [18] 6 marks AO1- Describing the aims procedures, findings and conclusions 12 marks A02- Evaluation and commentary Zimbardo decided to conduct an experiment containing 21 male students, in which he enrolled them into two categories, he did this randomly in order to ensure that there was no bias involved, some would be given the roll of a prisoner and the others would be the guards guarding the prisoners. Zimbardo hoped to discover that the subjects would conform into the roles of the stereotype prisoner and guard, so that he could discover if the hostility found in real prisons was due to a personality trait more often found in the prison guards. Before Zimbardo could conduct the experiment he chose his subjects carefully and put them through tests to ensure that their mental condition was stable and that they were all ‘normal’. This was done to ensure that the experiment was fair and that the subjects had a less likely chance of suffering from any psychological factors after ending the experiment. He would place them in the bottom floor of an university which had been transformed into a prison environment to ensure that the conditions were as real as possible for the volunteers. to continue this idea of reality Zimbardo sent police cars to the homes of those assigned as prisoners and ‘arrested’ them there, this took place without any formal consent by the volunteers, but Zimbardo saw no harm in doing this. This could be seen as an unethical action on Zimbardo’s behalf. They were then transported to the ‘prison’ and stripped, searched, deloused and given their prison uniform. The guards were also given an uniform and a set of 16 rules they should follow. This sense of reality added more credibility to the experiment and therefore could also motivate them into their roles. The experiment gave light to many unethical happenings and the exten... Free Essays on Describe And Evaluate One Study Into Conformity Free Essays on Describe And Evaluate One Study Into Conformity Kim. Moreland Describe and evaluate one study into conformity. [18] 6 marks AO1- Describing the aims procedures, findings and conclusions 12 marks A02- Evaluation and commentary Zimbardo decided to conduct an experiment containing 21 male students, in which he enrolled them into two categories, he did this randomly in order to ensure that there was no bias involved, some would be given the roll of a prisoner and the others would be the guards guarding the prisoners. Zimbardo hoped to discover that the subjects would conform into the roles of the stereotype prisoner and guard, so that he could discover if the hostility found in real prisons was due to a personality trait more often found in the prison guards. Before Zimbardo could conduct the experiment he chose his subjects carefully and put them through tests to ensure that their mental condition was stable and that they were all ‘normal’. This was done to ensure that the experiment was fair and that the subjects had a less likely chance of suffering from any psychological factors after ending the experiment. He would place them in the bottom floor of an university which had been transformed into a prison environment to ensure that the conditions were as real as possible for the volunteers. to continue this idea of reality Zimbardo sent police cars to the homes of those assigned as prisoners and ‘arrested’ them there, this took place without any formal consent by the volunteers, but Zimbardo saw no harm in doing this. This could be seen as an unethical action on Zimbardo’s behalf. They were then transported to the ‘prison’ and stripped, searched, deloused and given their prison uniform. The guards were also given an uniform and a set of 16 rules they should follow. This sense of reality added more credibility to the experiment and therefore could also motivate them into their roles. The experiment gave light to many unethical happenings and the exten...

Free Essays on Twins

Persuasive Essay Twins are a lot more common in today’s society than they were 50 years ago. Many people wonder if they would even like to have a twin. Most twins find they love it and it is helpful in many different aspects of life. Therefore it is better to have a twin. Competition between twins is often feared, although most twins would say they find it very beneficial. For example, competition is helpful in ones academics. Having the other twin come home with a better grade on a test encourages the other in a challenging way to do just as well, if not better. Twins a lot of times tease each other on who gets the better grade creating a healthy competition that motivates one another. Sports also create healthy competition helping one another excel. Twins know one another’s level of talent. As a result each one can push the other to their full potential. Another way in which twins are competitive is in relationships. Twins often compare themselves on who has more friends. If one twin is considered more popular, competition arises. Twins are constantly being compared to each other; therefore, they are usually quite competitive with one another. Most people do not like to share, however twins find it very beneficial. Twins find that by sharing clothes they have a greater variety and more to pick from. If each twin purchases a pair of pants, it is like getting two new pairs of pants instead of just one. Not only can twins share clothes but they can share chores as well. When mom leaves a list, it takes less effort and time having two people to get the list done. While one is dusting the other can vacuum, getting two jobs done at once. Twins share money as well. This comes in handy because if one does not have enough money to buy something him or her wants, the other can help out with the rest. By putting money together each twin can get what they want. Sharing is something that both twins can benefit... Free Essays on Twins Free Essays on Twins Persuasive Essay Twins are a lot more common in today’s society than they were 50 years ago. Many people wonder if they would even like to have a twin. Most twins find they love it and it is helpful in many different aspects of life. Therefore it is better to have a twin. Competition between twins is often feared, although most twins would say they find it very beneficial. For example, competition is helpful in ones academics. Having the other twin come home with a better grade on a test encourages the other in a challenging way to do just as well, if not better. Twins a lot of times tease each other on who gets the better grade creating a healthy competition that motivates one another. Sports also create healthy competition helping one another excel. Twins know one another’s level of talent. As a result each one can push the other to their full potential. Another way in which twins are competitive is in relationships. Twins often compare themselves on who has more friends. If one twin is considered more popular, competition arises. Twins are constantly being compared to each other; therefore, they are usually quite competitive with one another. Most people do not like to share, however twins find it very beneficial. Twins find that by sharing clothes they have a greater variety and more to pick from. If each twin purchases a pair of pants, it is like getting two new pairs of pants instead of just one. Not only can twins share clothes but they can share chores as well. When mom leaves a list, it takes less effort and time having two people to get the list done. While one is dusting the other can vacuum, getting two jobs done at once. Twins share money as well. This comes in handy because if one does not have enough money to buy something him or her wants, the other can help out with the rest. By putting money together each twin can get what they want. Sharing is something that both twins can benefit...

Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Different Dissertation

Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Different Ductility Classes Using EC8 and EC2 - Dissertation Example The paper tells that over the years gradually there have been greater advancements in the various concrete structures and measures that can be applied for the construction of buildings. In the present times, thus, the strength theory is significantly considered in building constructions. Load factors have been found to be necessary for the determination of the concrete structures used for the construction purposes. The strength theory focuses on the ultimate strength design that makes use of inelastic strains thus distributing the stress of loads uniformly. The concept of reinforced concrete was first initiated in Japan during the 1950s. However in the initial times, the use of the RC buildings was not considered as significant, a situation that has modified in the present times. Considering natural calamities like the earthquake, it is essential that the constructed buildings are based on such materials that are capable of resisting such calamities. Ductility or robustness of the co ncrete structures plays a significant role in this regard. However obtaining the necessary concrete structures might require the application of advanced technologies that at times may be difficult for developing countries to achieve. Reinforced concrete materials are easily available as well as they are economical in nature. Its characteristic stiffness provides efficient support to the constructed buildings in situations of earthquakes. Damages, to a great extent, can be reduced through such measures. (Dowrick, 2009, p.367). Structural Eurocodes represent the technical rules needed to be followed while selection and construction of buildings. There are a number of such Eurocodes of which Eurocode 2 is associated with the design of the concrete structures and Eurocode 8 is associated with the provisions of design for earthquake resistance of structures (Beckett & Alexandrou, 1997, p.2). These Eurocodes are essential for the determination of the ductility of the concrete structures t hus enabling the buildings to be tolerant to earthquakes, which is a primary concern of the current study. Thus a general overview on the RC constructions reflect that it is necessary to involve such concrete structures in building constructions for the safety and protection of the buildings from earthquakes that also depend on the ductility of the structure. 1.2. Aim & Objectives: The primary aim of the current study is to learn about the seismic response of reinforced concrete frame buildings with different ductility classes using EC8 and EC2, these being the two of several forms of Eurocodes involved in construction of buildings. In order to conduct the above mentioned study, the following objectives have been set such that a detailed analysis and understanding may be achieved. The objectives are: To learn about the behavior of RC structures under a seismic load To conduct a seismic analysis of the RC structures using methods like the Equivalent Static Method, and Response Spectr um Method To enhance the analysis involving case studies on 4-storey- 3-bay RC buildings with different levels of ductility To conduct a design check on the structural elements of the constructed buildings To make some recommendations while concluding after the study and analysis 1.3. Methodology: The study involves a qualitative research based on secondary sources. Qualitative research techniques do not involve any numerical figures for the study but focuses on a detailed understanding of the concerned topic based on experiences and opinions of different individuals (Creswell, 2003, p.18). Secondary sources are referred to the sources that are not novel but are derived from studies conducted earlier by different authors or experimenters (Hamilton, 2005, p.4). The present study has focuses on secondary sour

Effects of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper

Effects of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Research Paper Example With regard to healing and treatment, ADHD is primarily treated by using appropriate drug therapy or psychiatric guidance and counseling. Several controversies on ADHD are largely based on whether it is over or under diagnosed and treated. ADHD is a chronic mental health problem that is disturbing, and which may affect several aspects of a person’s life. It causes academic problems, affects an individual’s social skills, and can negatively affect the parent-child relationships. It also affects an individual’s overactivity by reducing it such that an individual is inactive, impulsiveness, inattention, and internally restless.   ADHD has an effect of distorting an individual’s self-perception and self-image (Nigg, 2006). It disrupts an individual’s self-development as well as making one be antisocial and extremely aggressive. According to Nigg (2006), individuals with ADHD portray extremely oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) that is characterized by the existence of strikingly defiant, provocative behavior, disobedient, and by the lack of harsher dissocial or violent acts that infringe the law or the constitutional rights of others. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might impact on all the aspects of a child’s life. Certainly, it also affects parents and siblings hence causing trouble for most families and it has impacted on the marital functioning. The undesirable effects of ADHD on families and children change from the period of preschool years and it continues throughout primary school and to adolescence, with varying characteristics of the disorder becoming outstanding at diverse stages. ADHD may also continue into adulthood causing disturbance to both personal and professional life. ADHD has been also related to a high cost in health care for the sick and their family members. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, devastating disorder which can result in too many effects in various aspects of a person’s life. This includes difficulties in academics, stressed parent-child relationships, social skills problems and, reduced parenting efficacy, especially when ADHD is comorbid with behavior problems.

Health Information Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Information Technology - Assignment Example There are plenty of benefits of having EHR in HIT department including storage of vital information deemed important in health care. EHR may help in transforming healthcare into a digital technology considering that medicine is an information-rich enterprise thereby improving the way care is delivered and compensated. EHR may further help in improving quality and convenience of patient care as well as enhancing patient participation through storage, retrieval, analysis and data transfer throughout the entire HER infrastructure. Moreover, EHR greatly aids in improving the accuracy of diagnoses and health results as well as enhancing care coordination. Another benefit of EHR is the improvement of practitioners’ participation, increasing practice efficiencies and largely improves cost savings thus leading to better decisions and more coordinated care (Software Advice, 2014). More significantly, Medios helps in improved efficiency of healthcare insurance covers since the system ca n also be integrated with medical insurance covers as well. Privacy issues are among the challenges affecting EHR in many healthcare providers’ institutions. There are legal, ethical, and financial dilemmas amid opportunity for patients to receive improved coordinated care and making it easier for everyone to get much better informed about the patients’ hehealthcarePotential solutions regarding usability, quality and reliability may be more strict oversight of many aspects of the system such as clinical decision support. The best way to fix the challenges is by ensuring that health care providers take careful responsibility in maintaining the rights of patients’ privacy and data integrity and Federal regulations should be formed to curb public outcry about infringement on the right to privacy.

Roman Consul and Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Roman Consul and Congress - Essay Example However, the Roman empire was not stable in its earlier foundations, part of the Roman army mutinied against the empire and seized Reghium, a Roman city and held it against the Romans for over ten years, however, in 270 BC, a Roman commander named Hieron crushed the rebellion. In the period 443, the Roman Empire established the Consularship. This institution was to help the Roman Empire in governance and enact laws. The Roman form of government had differences and similarities to the modern system of Governance in America which has the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, each performing different kinds of work and independent of one another. The United States congress is bicameral in nature, and it consists of the senate and House of Representatives, each playing different roles but supplementing each other (Waide, 17). This paper analyzes the features of the Roman counsel, its roles and significance to the Roman Empire. It also analyzes the features of the United States Co ngress, its roles and significance to the United States in regard to governance and policy making. In doing this, this paper explains major differences and some aspects of similarities between the American Congress and the Roman counsel, which is the main objective of this paper.This paper has a conclusion, which gives brief disadvantages of these systems of government. The paper, in meeting its objectives, analyzes the roles of the consuls in the Roman Empire, and of the senate. The paper has identified the different assemblies that characterized the Roman consularship and how they relate to the senate. In doing this, the paper has managed to portray the differences between the Roman consularship and the United States Congress. A consul was the highest ranking officer in the political environment of Rome. Each year, two consuls were appointed to govern Rome, and each had a veto against one another. This was to prevent the rise of dictatorship. With the rise of the emperors, in 27 B C, the Roman consuls lost their powers since they were subject to the emperor. Consuls were called Praetors, which meant leaders, and had authority in administrative, judicial and legislative matters. In periods of War, consuls were military commanders and were elected by Commitia Centuriata, a committee of local people who composed of one hundred men. These men were elected by the people and had military backgrounds therefore this committee was a representation of the people. Consulship was reserved for the ethnic group of Patricians but after a long period of time, the Plebeians were allowed to become consuls. During a period of conflict, qualifications of becoming a consul was military skills and a good reputation in terms of bravery and wisdom. During a period of time, there was need to elect more consuls, and the Comita Centuriata ceased to do this, and thus the consuls were elected by the Senate.Consuls had executive powers and were heads of government, and in the year 443 BC, several responsibilities were taken from the consuls and given to censors and praetors. Censors were responsible for taking taxes while praetors were judicial officers. Consuls were responsible for carrying out decisions of the senate and could convene the senate and attend its meetings, since they were

Are Labor Unions Necessary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are Labor Unions Necessary - Research Paper Example Labor unions have been recognized for the unrelenting fight for the social welfare of the workers. In a number of countries, governments have succumbed to the pressure of labor unions to raise the living standards for their workers. In the past, the public sector employees and political parties formed the majority of the labor unions population. Workers in the public sector are many, and they cannot individually fight for their interests at work. This, therefore, necessitates the use of labor movements that act as the representative of their interests. According to the AFL-CIO, trade unions have been experiencing a decline from the onset of the 21st century because many employers, especially in the private sector, have endeavored to provide the best working conditions for the employees. In the public sector, however, trade unions have remained the single fighting voice for most of the employees due to their numbers. Major companies have stressed the need for national governments to r espect the rights of workers, raise their minimum wage rates and provide a better working environment (Meng 1638).These countries include India and China that are currently experiencing an increasing trend in production. Many companies have relocated their manufacturing operations to countries like China because of the low cost of production probably resulting from the low cost of labor (O'Grady et al.). These countries experience more labor union actions than more developed countries because of the dilapidated working conditions.

Research paper on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

On Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice - Research Paper Example In fact, a girl who was wed when her father died would not inherit his fortune; instead, the husband was in line for the inheritance. This is what would have happened in the Bennet house hold, and this is one of the reasons that Mrs. Bennet wanted to make sure that her girls were wed. Keeping these thoughts in mind, Jane Austen, in her novel, Pride and Prejudice, reinforces the conservative values of the society in which her characters live. The period that the novel takes place was called the Regency Period. This period was called this because King George IV was in rule between 1810 and 1820 and the story takes place midway between these two years in 1813 (Austen, â€Å"Study† 10). During this period, the industrial revolution created wealthy men from the middle class who were business owners and professionals. They were able to purchase large homes, landscape the grounds, wear elaborate clothes and be driven around in fine carriages (Austen, â€Å"Study† 10). Although many had become wealthy, others were struggling and many were hungry. When people have these challenges, they often turn to social unrest, which happened at this time, and there were bread riots and worker protests (Austen, â€Å"Study† 11). Social customs were very important to this era and men and women had specific places within society. Austen shows this throughout her novel. This historical back ground was never included in Austen’s novels. Instead, she wanted readers to understand what she saw during this time because she was constantly observing the middle class that she lived within. Her novels depicted the â€Å"manners and morals of the middle class† (Austen â€Å"Study† 11). This historical back ground is important to understand how Austen’s novel reinforced the conservative values of the time. â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife†

Roman Consul and Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Roman Consul and Congress - Essay Example However, the Roman empire was not stable in its earlier foundations, part of the Roman army mutinied against the empire and seized Reghium, a Roman city and held it against the Romans for over ten years, however, in 270 BC, a Roman commander named Hieron crushed the rebellion. In the period 443, the Roman Empire established the Consularship. This institution was to help the Roman Empire in governance and enact laws. The Roman form of government had differences and similarities to the modern system of Governance in America which has the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, each performing different kinds of work and independent of one another. The United States congress is bicameral in nature, and it consists of the senate and House of Representatives, each playing different roles but supplementing each other (Waide, 17). This paper analyzes the features of the Roman counsel, its roles and significance to the Roman Empire. It also analyzes the features of the United States Co ngress, its roles and significance to the United States in regard to governance and policy making. In doing this, this paper explains major differences and some aspects of similarities between the American Congress and the Roman counsel, which is the main objective of this paper.This paper has a conclusion, which gives brief disadvantages of these systems of government. The paper, in meeting its objectives, analyzes the roles of the consuls in the Roman Empire, and of the senate. The paper has identified the different assemblies that characterized the Roman consularship and how they relate to the senate. In doing this, the paper has managed to portray the differences between the Roman consularship and the United States Congress. A consul was the highest ranking officer in the political environment of Rome. Each year, two consuls were appointed to govern Rome, and each had a veto against one another. This was to prevent the rise of dictatorship. With the rise of the emperors, in 27 B C, the Roman consuls lost their powers since they were subject to the emperor. Consuls were called Praetors, which meant leaders, and had authority in administrative, judicial and legislative matters. In periods of War, consuls were military commanders and were elected by Commitia Centuriata, a committee of local people who composed of one hundred men. These men were elected by the people and had military backgrounds therefore this committee was a representation of the people. Consulship was reserved for the ethnic group of Patricians but after a long period of time, the Plebeians were allowed to become consuls. During a period of conflict, qualifications of becoming a consul was military skills and a good reputation in terms of bravery and wisdom. During a period of time, there was need to elect more consuls, and the Comita Centuriata ceased to do this, and thus the consuls were elected by the Senate.Consuls had executive powers and were heads of government, and in the year 443 BC, several responsibilities were taken from the consuls and given to censors and praetors. Censors were responsible for taking taxes while praetors were judicial officers. Consuls were responsible for carrying out decisions of the senate and could convene the senate and attend its meetings, since they were

Research paper on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

On Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice - Research Paper Example In fact, a girl who was wed when her father died would not inherit his fortune; instead, the husband was in line for the inheritance. This is what would have happened in the Bennet house hold, and this is one of the reasons that Mrs. Bennet wanted to make sure that her girls were wed. Keeping these thoughts in mind, Jane Austen, in her novel, Pride and Prejudice, reinforces the conservative values of the society in which her characters live. The period that the novel takes place was called the Regency Period. This period was called this because King George IV was in rule between 1810 and 1820 and the story takes place midway between these two years in 1813 (Austen, â€Å"Study† 10). During this period, the industrial revolution created wealthy men from the middle class who were business owners and professionals. They were able to purchase large homes, landscape the grounds, wear elaborate clothes and be driven around in fine carriages (Austen, â€Å"Study† 10). Although many had become wealthy, others were struggling and many were hungry. When people have these challenges, they often turn to social unrest, which happened at this time, and there were bread riots and worker protests (Austen, â€Å"Study† 11). Social customs were very important to this era and men and women had specific places within society. Austen shows this throughout her novel. This historical back ground was never included in Austen’s novels. Instead, she wanted readers to understand what she saw during this time because she was constantly observing the middle class that she lived within. Her novels depicted the â€Å"manners and morals of the middle class† (Austen â€Å"Study† 11). This historical back ground is important to understand how Austen’s novel reinforced the conservative values of the time. â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife†

Virtual reality Essay Example for Free

Virtual reality Essay Abstract The contemporary world is greatly characterized with the usage of highly developed technology, tools, gadgets, and appliances. One just needs to look around him to see the truth to this statement. Be it in business, education, travel, medical, practically everything and anything, one uses technology to conduct daily living. These technologies underwent several processes and upgrades to be what they are today. Nonetheless, each technology still undergoes enhancements that would help individuals in going about their daily lives. The initial process with which technology evolved into what it is today was first conceptualized, then improved to what man utilizes today. A concrete example of this would be the television which is a common appliance in todays world. Before the television became to what it is today (digital), it was first conceptualized, designed, produced, tested, developed and enhanced. As these things were first conceptualized, hence, the term virtual reality was coined. It is, therefore, a usual question whether the initial process was real considering that it was merely a concept, a virtual reality. It is in line with the above that the primordial purpose of this paper is to scrutinize whether virtual reality is indeed real or just a figment of mans imagination. VIRTUAL REALITY 3 Virtual Reality: Is It Real? Todays technology has been conceptualized in the not so distant past and has been LABELLED AS VIRTUAL REALITY. WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO UTILIZE REALITIES AND THINGS IN ORDER TO HELP MAN IN his daily living, several researches conducted studies and experimentations in order to produce materials that will be able to make life a lot easier to the end users of the same. If one has an intensive scrutiny of the experiences any person would have today, technology is always used and is in great demand. Technology is used in business, in education, in medical, in warfare practically in anything and everything. These became realities as they were first conceptualized prior to the production of the gadgets and things that man uses today. From conceptualization, experiments were conducted to ensure that these products would eventually meet its purpose and would ultimately be of benefit to the users of the same. Safety and costs have been one of the primordial considerations. This raises the question that many would query. At the stage of conceptualization (virtual reality), would one consider these concepts as real or not? It is the objective of this paper to focus on this. At the end of this paper, the reader will be able to: 1) understand what virtual reality is; 2) see a short history of the development of virtual reality; 3) realize the usage and advantages of the end-products of virtual reality; 4) comprehend whether virtual reality is real or not. The meanings of Virtual Reality and Reality Many have always asked, What is virtual reality? What is reality? . Oxford Dictionary (online publication, 2010) defines virtual reality as almost or nearly as described, but not VIRTUAL REALITY 4 completely or according to strict definition. Late Middle English defines it as possessing certain virtues. The word virtual comes from the Latin word virtue, virtuosus. The etymology of the word reality comes from the Latin word realis which means relating to things. Oxford Dictionary defines it as â€Å"the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia defines virtual reality as computer-generated environment and within which people can interact it can immerse people in an environment that would normally be unavailable due to cost, safety, or perception restrictions. D. Petechuk stated that virtual reality combine state-of-the-art imaging with computer technology to allow users to experience a three-dimensional simulated environment. Ilkka Maunu Niiniluoto, in his article Virtual worlds, fiction and reality has referred to Michael Heim in giving meaning to the word, virtual reality. In his book Virtual realism (1998), Michael Heim states that virtual reality is a technology or an emerged field of applied science. John C. Briggs, on the other hand, in his article, The Promise of Virtual Reality, wrote, Virtual reality can be defined as a three-dimensional, computer-generated simulation in which one can navigate around, interact with, and be immersed in another environment Virtual reality provides a reality that mimics our everyday one. What would virtual reality mean to ordinary people? When one hears this word, people would usually associate it as something that has to do with computers. While others would think that it is a dream world where anything and everything is possible to happen, there are also others who would think that virtual reality is a conception concocted not only by the mind but also by the very person who has thought of the concept concerned. There would also be a group VIRTUAL REALITY 5 who would think that virtual reality is the stepping stone through which different gadgets currently used have gone through: conceptualized, tested, revised and produced. A Short History of the Evolution of Virtual Reality This section will focus on the discourse of D. Petechuk entitled, Virtual Reality. Petechuk stated that the concept of virtual reality would date back to World War II. The pilots who were then training for their combat missions needed training for the mission that they had. There was a need for flight simulators; however, the technology then was not sufficient. The trainees had only basic simulation. Through the years, technology advanced and so did virtual reality. Ivan Sutherland, according to Petechuk, conducted experiments with the first head- mounted three-dimensional displays the user was able to view a computer-generated three- dimensional cube floating in space and, by moving his or her head, inspect various aspects of the cube and determine its dimensions. This was in 1966. By 1970, Sutherland built the first full functional head-mounted display unit. There were many big industries who also ventured into the development of virtual reality. One of them was General Electric Corporation that built one of the first computerized flight simulators in 1972. In 1975, Thomas Furness III developed the prototype Visually Couple Airborne Systems Simulator whereby the pilots had an abstract view of flying conditions instead of a reality- based image pilots became totally immersed in the graphic representation. VIRTUAL REALITY 6 Mary Alice Ball, in her book review, Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges: Papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality, wrote: Virtual reality is still in its infancy, and researchers are intent on developing and refining new and better tools. Mary Ball further wrote that virtual reality has the potential to take us beyond our physical limitations and guide us to new insights Virtual reality uses technology to create human-machine interfaces that permit control of multiple peripheral devices with relative ease. Through the years after this, big investments were poured into the research as to how virtual reality could produce things that would be used daily. As there are a lot of advantages and uses of the things produced through virtual reality, focus and attention were given for the development of virtual reality to what it is today. This would be discussed in depth in the following section. The Applications of Virtual Reality As stated earlier, the contemporary world is characterized with a lot of technologies that have been developed through the many years. When one looks around, it is very evident that varied products of virtual reality have been created that ultimately helps any one in conducting his daily business in live. Many of these technologies have gone through the process of being conceptualized, tested, revised, and enhanced. The many things man uses today went through a long process of evolution and are still undergoing improvements so that the maximum usage of the same would be attained. These products did not just come out of thin air. The process through which they have been developed has been long and tedious. VIRTUAL REALITY 7 Beth Stackpole in her article, Virtual Reality Gets Real, stated that the militarys use of virtual reality touches training, product development and command and control platforms. She further reiterates that virtual reality technology and simulators are actively used to train military personnel on how to pilot aircraft or handle weaponry. Patrick Mays in his article entitled, Making Virtual Reality Real, Creating VR models takes no longer than any other computer modeling: Most of the massing of a large project can be completed in only a few days. John Briggs in his article entitled, The Promise of Virtual Reality, discusses at length the varied applications of virtual reality. It must be noted, however, that this article was written in 1996. He writes that technologys present state of advancement has been overstated. Coverage in numerous magazines and newspaper articles, on TV shows, and even in TV ads suggests that virtual reality is now fully developed. Unfortunately, this is not true Virtual reality is with us now in a very early and rudimentary form. Virtual reality is greatly used in businesses today. Many companies are able to create visualizations of the stock market. Currently, this is now being conducted in many companies, most specially the big ones. A stock broker or analyst can quickly see patterns for a market sector as a whole, as well as the activity of specific stocks and can bring in-depth information to the screen and give the broker an opportunity to rapidly buy or sell a stock. Virtual reality has also played a great role in empowering people with disabilities. In his article, Briggs reported that virtual reality is used to confirm the accessibility of buildings for people with disabilities. It is also used in teaching students how to use a wheelchair and training VIRTUAL REALITY 8 people who are intellectually compromised on how to get from one point to another using different form of transportation. In the same article, Briggs has touched on how virtual reality may be used in education and training whereby the trainees walk through a virtual factory and learn about health hazards a more engaging experience than reading a manual or attending a lecture. Likewise, through virtual reality astronomy students will be able to explore galaxies and study their properties. English students will be able to be on stage where Shakespearean plays are being presented. History students will be able to go to different historical events and would have the possibility of participating in them. These are examples of what Briggs thought on how virtual reality will affect and effect the seemingly uneventful past life of man. Briggs is therefore simply reiterating the simple fact that virtual reality is the biggest factor that will be utilized by any person as virtual reality will make things a lot easier for man to conduct his daily businesses. As virtual reality is constantly evolving, it will spice up mans life, mans living and his mere existence. As different facets of life will ultimately be immensely influenced by virtual reality, it goes without saying that virtual reality will continue to develop and be made user friendly to its end users man himself. The constant enhancements will proceed so that virtual reality and the products it produces will be of much better utility for all to avail of. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, one would clearly see that virtual reality has produced numerous technologies currently used in daily living. These have given any one for that matter a choice to make life easier or not. However, these things were not produced out of thin air, so to VIRTUAL REALITY 9 speak. There have been a lot of processes that were implemented to have the technologies that we have today. Based on what is existing, these technologies were conceptualized, altered, refined, improved, and enhanced. The fact remains that they have all been based on existing realities. Concretely speaking, before man landed on the moon in 1969, there were a lot of processes that occurred. The astronauts did not just land there per se. There were a lot of trainings conducted and one of them was the effect of weightlessness for a long period of time. Creating this atmosphere was first conceptualized and the atmosphere to produce the same scenario as it would appear on the moon itself was created. The garment they wore, the numerous pieces of equipment they used were first conceptualized, produced, tested, and refined to ensure the safety of the astronauts and to lessen the effects of many factors. These all started with virtual reality. Likewise, another example one may look at is the robots used in highly advanced countries where the robot detonates or make safe explosives that may cause harm or danger. This was also conceptualized at the beginning, produced, tested and refined to ensure its effectivity in pursuing the purpose for which it was built. What is being simply emphasized is the fact that virtual reality is based on what exists and it is not a figment of ones imagination. As such, it is real. The basis of virtual reality is reality itself. In Argumentative Logic, the argumentation would be: Virtual Reality is based on reality. Reality is what exists; what is reality. Therefore, Virtual Reality is reality; it is real. VIRTUAL REALITY 10 References: Ball, M. A. (1993, June). Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges: Papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality. Information Technology and Libraries, 12(2), 291. Briggs, J. C. (1996, September). The Promise of Virtual Reality. The Futurist, 30(5), 13. Mays, P. (1998, October). Making virtual reality real. Architecture, 87(10), 162. Niiniluoto, I. M. (2012). Virtual worlds, fiction, and reality/Mundos virtuales, ficcion y realidad. Discusiones Filosoficas, 13(21), 13. Petechuk, D. (2004). Virtual Reality. In K. L. Lerner B. W. Lerner (Eds. ), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed. , Vol. 6, pp. 4225-4229). Detroit: Gale. Virtual Reality Gets Real. (2008, January 7). Design News, 63(1), 85. Virtual Reality. (2013). In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopediaâ„ ¢. New York: Columbia University Press.

Cultural Barriers in International Marketing

Cultural Barriers in International Marketing The research area of this proposal is focused on the broad area of international marketing. More specifically, the focal point of the research will be the sociocultural environment and how this has an impact on a multinational company whose ambition is to enter a new market (Hollensen, 2007). As indicated by Doole and Lowe (2008), the sociocultural factor affects the consumer and buyer behaviour, making the development of international marketing strategies inevitable. In addition, this researchs centre of attention will be the elements of culture which is a popular method of discovering cultures (Albaum Duerr, 2008). Furthermore, the layers of culture will be presented from two different perspectives as well as the relation of culture with consumer behaviour. Finally, an attempt to examine the Japanese culture will be made by reviewing the high- and low-context concept (Hall, 1960 cited in Nguyen et al., 2007: 207), and some additional models introduced by key authors. 3.3 Background Primarily, understanding ones culture before entering his market has a dual aspect. On one hand, the effectiveness of the established marketing strategies and its implementation by locals could be verified (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007), and on the other hand you familiarise with your own culture (Yamada, 1997: xvi). Furthermore, Japan is one of the most culturally homogenous countries in the world (Engel Murakami, 2001: 21), citizens of which consider their heritage valuable and indispensable (Keillor Hult, 1999). Consequently, this creates trade barriers for the multinational companies (Albaum Duerr, 2008) whose intention is to enter the Japanese market. These barriers can be eliminated by understanding the Japanese values and expectations (Engel Murakami, 2001: 20). Moreover, the ability of overcoming these barriers and cultivate relations with the target market is the fundamental stepping stone for an effective marketing strategy (Ford, 1984 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009). In order to achieve that, companies should be culturally sensitive, in other words they should acknowledge the dissimilarities between domestic and international markets and handle them effectively (Holzmuller Stottinger, 2001; LaBahn Harich, 1997; Rice ODonohue, 2002 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009: 241). However, it is difficult to achieve cultural sensitivity to Japan (Hall, 1987 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009:242), and companies that will achieve it will gain the appreciation of the Japanese consumers (Lohtia et al., 2009). 3.4 Conclusion Initially, Craig and Douglas (2006: 338) confirm that due to globalisation and the rapid change of cultures, a deeper understanding of culture is necessary. Moreover, Steenkamp (2001: 41) verifies that culture is a complex phenomenon and that many dimensions are required to be developed, so that marketers can distinguish effectively one culture from another, and thus establish the appropriate marketing strategy. In the dissertation, the researcher will try to uncover as many dimensions that capture culture as possible, focusing on the Japanese culture, hence identifying the cultural barriers. Japan was chosen as it is a high context country (Hall, 1987 cited in Lohtia et al., 2009), and subsequently the higher the context of a culture, the more effort will be needed from a company to adjust its strategy to that culture (Hollensen, 2007: 221). Literature Review 4.1 Introduction The aim of this literature review is to present definitions of international marketing that are related with Japans sociocultural environment. Additionally, a synthesis of the existing literature was conducted in order to provide a thorough description of the elements and the layers of culture, the available models that examine cultures and their implications for consumer behaviour. Moreover, the data collection was achieved by using the universitys library and ebrary database. The keywords international marketing resulted in 543 and 18.719 hits of secondary data respectively, and lastly 9 books were used. Finally, the e-library was used to obtain academic journals in order to inject scientific ideas in the research. The search engine showed 66798 results of which only 240 were available. Eventually, 10 articles were selected to be used, mainly coming from Emeralds and ScienceDirects databases. 4.2 Definitions and concepts To start with, before attempting to define culture, international marketing should be introduced. There seems to be a consensus regarding the definition of international marketing. More specifically, Doole and Lowe (2008: 6) as well as Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 8) defined it as the procedure that a companys goods and services are targeted in customers of more than one country, which seeks the maximisation of its profit. Additionally, Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 8) raised the difference between international and domestic marketing, where the latter focuses only in one nation. Furthermore, Doole and Lowe (2008: 7), and Hooley et al. (2008: 61) used the SLEPT model to identify the environmental impacts on international marketing. These are: Social/Cultural, Legal, Economic, Political and finally Technological. This proposal will focus only on the Sociocultural influences. Moreover, 160 definitions for culture have been recorded (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007), proving the significance of the role that culture plays in marketers strategy (Ghauri Cateora, 2005). Firstly, the etic approach of culture, which focuses on the contrast between two cultures (Luna Gupta, 2001: 46) was identified by Hofstede (1997) as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hollensen, 2007: 216; Luna Gupta, 2001: 46). In contrast, the emic approach of culture was proposed by McCracken (1988: 73) cited in Luna and Gupta (2001: 46). He defined culture as the lens through which all phenomena are seen. It determines how these phenomena are apprehended and assimilated. Second, culture is the blueprint of human activity. It determines the coordinates of social action and productive activity, specifying the behaviours and objects that issue from both. The objective of the emic approach is to achieve a thorough comprehension of the study of culture (Luna Gupta, 2001). 4.3 The elements of culture Primarily, culture was divided into different elements to direct marketers to a deeper examination of the cultural differences between international markets (Ghauri Cateora 2005: 82). More detailed, Ghauri and Cateora (2005: 83) identified six elements of culture: Material culture, Social institutions, Aesthetics, Belief system, Education and Language. Furthermore, Albaum and Duerr (2008: 122), and Doole and Lowe (2008: 74) added Technology with Material culture, as well as Law and Politics, with the former omitting Aesthetics. Hollensen (2007: 225) included Technology to Material culture, added Manners and customs, and omitted Law and Politics. Finally, Czinkota and Ronkainen (2007:57) added Manners and Customs, and omitted Law and Politics. It is worth mentioning that all the elements will be examined thoroughly in the dissertation from the perspective of Japan. 4.4 The layers of culture The layers of culture can be a great opportunity for multinational companies to familiarise themselves with the behaviour (Hollensen, 2007), attitudes and values (Doole and Lowe, 2008) of people with different cultural backgrounds they hire (Hollensen, 2007). On one hand, Hollensen (2007: 219) indicates four layers of culture: national culture, business/ industry culture, company culture and finally individual behaviour, with each layer affecting the next one. On the other hand, a different approach was presented by Doole and Lowe (2008: 73). They portrayed the layers of culture in a national, a regional/ ethnic/ religious/ linguistic, a gender, a generation and finally a social class level. In a nutshell, companies should familiarise themselves with the characteristics of the Japanese employees, as they hardly ever quit their jobs and they are astoundingly bonded with them so as to receive a flourishing career (Engel Murakami, 2001: 29). 4.5 Culture and consumer behaviour Consumer behaviour regarding a product or a message is affected by different components of culture (Doole Lowe, 2008). Jeannet and Hennessey (2004) cited in Doole and Lowe (2008: 80) presented the procedure that consumer behaviour is affected by culture. In contrast, Hofstede (1997) cited in Luna and Gupta (2001, 47) argues that consumer behaviour is influenced by four manifestations which are: values, heroes, symbols, and rituals. Moreover, Craig and Douglas (2006) stated that customs and rituals play a significant role for Japan, in maintaining well-balanced relations among its citizens. However, Usunier (1996) cited in Holden (2004: 567), partly agrees with Hofstedes view, since he believes that consumer behaviour, which consists of consumers values, attitudes and decision making, is affected by cultural dissimilarities. Lastly, Doole and Lowe (2008: 80) identified four ideas that marketers should reflect on when using Western ideas to comprehend the foreign consumer behaviour. 4.6 Cultural analysis 4.6.1 High- and low-context cultures The model of high- and low-context cultures was defined by Edward T. Hall (1960a) as a way of understanding different cultural orientation (Hollensen, 2007: 220). As indicated by Hall (1976) cited in Nguyen et al. (2007: 207), in low-context cultures the message itself is of great importance. On the other hand, in high-context cultures, people tend to elaborate on the message to gain a deeper understanding of it (Hollensen, 2007: 220; Doole Lowe, 2008: 86). As argued by Hollensen (2007), the Japanese have the highest context culture, while the Swiss have the lowest. 4.6.2 Hofstedes model To begin with, Hofstedes dimensions should be taken into consideration when marketers construct their marketing strategy (Hollensen, 2007: 228). Ghauri and Cateora (2005), as well as Hollensen (2007) mention four dimensions of culture; distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity, while Hofstede adds long-term orientation (Hofstede, 2009). The importance of these results is due to cultural dimensions illustrating the traits of a country (Rivera-Vazquez et al., 2009). Consequently, the results for Japan are intended to be used for the dissertation. Lastly, strengths and weaknesses of this model were introduced by Hollensen (2007: 229). 4.6.3 Schwartzs model An alternative framework was created by Schwartz (1994) cited in Steenkamp (2001). He mentions three dimensions through which he will provide answers to his societal topics: conservatism versus autonomy, hierarchy versus egalitarianism and labelled mastery or labelled harmony (Steenkamp, 2001: 32). 4.6.4 Alternative models Primarily, Keegan (2004: 14) supports that the focus on marketing changes and that concepts need updating regularly. Based on this idea, Holden (2004: 570) disapproves the reliance on Hofstedes model, while suggesting an approach to culture from a different perspective. Finally, an alternative model for approaching Asian cultures was introduced by Fang (1999), cited in Fletcher and Flang (2006: 438). 4.7 Conclusion Primarily, although there is a large amount of literature concerning international marketing and culture, there seems to be some disagreements between authors, as well as some omissions by others. For instance, Hollensen (2007) supports that it is inevitable to examine cultures without referring to Hofstedes cultural dimensions. On the other hand, Holden (2004) criticises the validity of Hofstedes model. As a result, the researcher will try to compare and contrast the models that have been developed for gaining knowledge of the differences amongst cultures. Methodology 5.1 Introduction The approach that was developed in order to accomplish the objectives was based on desk research. More specifically, the researcher utilised existing written material such as books, e-books, and some scientific journals (Gummesson, 2000: 35). Finally, the World Wide Web (Internet) will be used to obtain the empirical results regarding the cultural dimensions of Japan suggested by the key author Hofstede. The qualitative research method is going to be used. Primarily, the researcher uses secondary analysis which is a qualitative method (Bryman Bell, 2007: 326). Secondly the thesis of other writers will be introduced, instead of the researchers own opinion (Bryman Bell, 2007: 425). Additionally, of great importance should be the fact that the use of mixed methods -both qualitative and quantitative- was avoided because these methods are two different paradigms (Bryman Bell, 2007: 642). Finally, concerning the relationship between theory and research (Bryman Bell, 2007: 11), the inductive theory (Bryman Bell, 2007) was used. Although Fisher (2007: 322) argues that a combination of inductive and deductive method can be employed, only the inductive method was used for this proposal. This can be justified by the fact that the researcher moves from observations, which is the aim of the proposal, to the general which is the theory (Bryman Bell, 2007: 14). 5.2 Desk Research To start with, the only method that was used in order to obtain data for this proposal was desk research. Although Gummesson (2000: 34) argues that knowledge coming from secondary sources is limited, Bryman and Bell (2007: 328) believe that secondary analysis provides the researcher with high quality data. Additionally, it is more cost-effective in a way that secondary data are easier to interpret than primary (Bryman Bell, 2007: 333). Moreover, part of the secondary data collected came from scientific journals. The researcher focused on journals that were related to culture and cultural barriers. The journals that were used came from: The International Marketing Review The Journal of Product Brand Management The European Journal of Marketing The International Business Review The Journal of Knowledge Management Finally, text books were used in an attempt to achieve a deeper understanding of the theory related to international marketing and culture. Some of those used are: International Marketing Strategy by Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe International Marketing by Ghauri and Cateora Global Marketing by Svend Hollensen Passport to Japan by Engel and Murakami 5.3 Alternative Methods Ideally, the researcher could have used alternative methods to complement the validity of material found (Gummesson, 2000: 35). These methods could be: case studies, questionnaires and qualitative interviews (Gummesson, 2000: 35). Primarily, the researcher could have used existing case studies in this proposal to support the data found from existing theory (Bryman Bell, 2007). Unfortunately, word limit prevented him from including material found, as more theoretical findings were included to help readers gain basic knowledge on international marketing and culture. However, it is unquestionably that in the dissertation the researcher will use existing case studies. Finally, the researcher could conduct a case study by approaching a multinational company which maintains its operations in Japan. More specifically, the use of questionnaires or qualitative interviews would have helped the researcher gain an insider perspective (Bryman Bell, 2007: 443) of the marketing strategy that a company deploys in Japan. Unfortunately, the difficulty of approaching a company and accessing its confidential data prevented the researcher from implementing it. However, it is worth mentioning that the researcher has not had the chance to meet his supervisor. Consequently, the research methods could possibly change with the intention of writing a high-quality masters dissertation. Ethical issues There are no ethical issues concerning this proposal since only desk research was conducted. To be more specific, there was no distortion of data and every secondary source has been acknowledged by in-text references and a reference list, adhering to the rules of Aston Business School on plagiarism. Last but not least, copyrights of published books, articles and journals were respected. Task List Tasks Problems Solutions Search and obtain existing literature on theory and concepts of culture in books and e-books Limited searching skills, due to restricted previous experience Received advice from professors as well as from library staff on effective research techniques Search and obtain existing literature from scientific journals Not all journal articles are available in full text in the Aston e-library and many of those available were not completely relevant to the topic of the proposal Methodical and detailed research for alternative articles Select the most relevant articles Time consuming Skim and scan the articles found Obtain text books from the Aston library that are related to differences across different cultures Not all books are available in the Aston library Obtained e-books from ebrary of Aston University Obtain results from empirical studies regarding the culture of Japan Not all data is available in text books Access World Wide Web (Internet) to obtain the information needed Write the assignment Limited previous experience Guidance on the structure of the assignment via lecture notes and slides Conduct an effective literature review Limited previous experience Guidance provided through lecture notes and slides Combine information provided from different books, producing a uniform text Large amount of information from secondary data sources available Skim and scan all secondary data sources to combine all information provided and highlight any omissions observed in the literature Use case studies of different multinational companies that examine similar problems Word limit Not covered by the proposal but will be covered in the dissertation Proof-read and edit the assignment before submission Possible mistakes or omissions Thorough reading and correction of mistakes

What causes acne? :: essays research papers

What causes acne?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acne vulgaris, the medical term for common acne; is the most common skin disease. It is so common that nearly eighty-five percent of the population will develop some form of acne at some time between the ages of twelve and twenty-five years. Although there are several theories about what causes acne, medical doctors generally agree that acne is a by-product of hormonal changes in the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At puberty (that period of life when a child develops secondary sex characteristics), increased levels of androgens (normally referred to as the male hormone) cause the sebaceous glands to produce to much sebum. The sebaceous glands lie just beneath the skin’s surface. They produce an oily substance called sebum, the skin’s natural moisturizer. These glands and the hair follicles (the tube like structures from which hair develops) within which they are found are called sebaceous follicles. These follicles open into the skin through pores. When excess sebum combines with dead sticky skin cells a hard plug, or comedo is formed. If comedones are open to the surface, they are called blackheads. Comedones that are closed at the surface are called white heads. Plugged follicles can rupture internally, resulting in a discharge of their contents into the surrounding tissues. A comedo is the mildest type of acne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate and severe inflammatory types of acne are the result of plugged follicles being invaded by the bacteria that normally lives on the skin. The role of the bacteria is unclear. Bacteria may act by causing chemical reactions in the sebaceous fluid, leading to the release of very irritating compounds called fatty acids. These in turn cause inflammation that increases susceptibility to infection. A pimple forms when the damaged follicle weakens and bursts open, releasing a substance (sebum, bacteria, and skin) into the surrounding tissues. Pimples that are near the skin’s surface and are inflamed are called papules. When pimples are deeper they are called pustules. This process begins an inflammatory response that sets the stage for the development of acne. Specialists are unable to detect the exact cause of acne, but there are many risk factors that have been identified with the contribution of developing acne. Diet does not cause acne, but certain foods can cause flare-ups. However, eliminating certain foods, particularly chocolates and fats, appear to improve some cases of acne. Teenagers are more likely to develop acne, due to hormonal changes they experience. Boys tend to develop more severe acne than girls, as well as more often.

Hannibal Essay -- essays research papers

Hannibal, a Carthaginian general and one of the greatest generals that ever lived was renown for his strategies and courageousness, such as crossing the Alps and using the "bottleneck strategy" at Lake Trasemene. He used strategies that a lot of generals at this time, especially Roman generals, would never think of and in doing this he almost destroyed the Roman republic. Hannibal's first battle took place when he was only nine. He went on an expedition with his father, Hamilcar Barca, to conquer Spain. From the beginning Carthage’s push into Spain, Hannibal vowed eternal hatred for Rome; Hannibal became Commander in Chief of Carthage’s army when he was 26 after his father was assassinated. His conquest of the Roman town of Sagunto in Spain led to a new declaration of war by Rome; which started the second Punic War and Hannibal’s promise to visit Roman injustice back on Rome a hundred fold. For Carthage to take the town of Sagunto was completely within the rights of the Carthage and the treaty but Rome at the time was getting too big and becoming very imperialistic. All Rome could see was that they had to have all of the Mediterranean and the only thing that stood in their way was a single General and his men. The way in which the Romans were unconsciously straying from "mos maiorum" to manipulate the course of events wa s disturbing. Though these actions were not entirely the "evil" work of Rome. Hannibal from his earliest memories could recall nothing but hatred for Rome. Hannibal’s Father had instilled a horrifically self-destructive desire within Hannibal to see the fall of Rome. This desire manifested itself during The Second Punic War, which was the ultimate fight for supremacy in the Ancient World. The victor would have control over the entire Mediterranean Sea and all of the trade routes bringing land, pride, wealth, and dominance over the victors enemies. Hannibal took a 1,000 mile trek from New Carthage, Spain, through the Alps, Northern Italy, and finally to Carthage. Hannibal won most of his battles with Rome, but never got the reinforcement he needed to over take Rome. The men that he had with him at the time were renowned for their loyalty to Hannibal and unconventional fighting tactics. Their "Gorilla" type war fair or wars of "delaying" almost saw t... ... death and destruction for the Romans that Adolf Hitler would to our Civilization. Hannibal’s name became synonymous with the stereotype that Rome had of the Carthaginian perfidy. And it was this that Rome never wanted to see again; so to be a good Roman, one had to be taught what it was to be a "Hannibal" and how not to be a "Hannibal." In the end Rome was taught many valuable lessons and to the victor go the spoils; so it is a measure of the fear Hannibal’s name instilled, that long after he was dead and gone, parents would scold naughty children with the warning that if they weren't good, Hannibal would come to get them in the night. Italy itself suffered cruelly in the war. Hannibal spent fourteen years there, mostly in southern Italy. As the years went by, the steep hillsides began to lose their topsoil. By war's end, southern Italy was permanently impoverished. In fact, in our own century, in the 1960s, the Italian government began to attempt to recover and reclaim the land from Hannibal, an effort that still goes on intermittently. Hannibal's legacy outlived Rome itself, Cato the Elder would be turning over in his grave if he knew this.