Oracle

How is the IKEA operations design different from that of most furniture retail operations? IKEA is known as one of the world’s largest furniture retailer that focuses highly on cost control, operational process and product development. IKEA differentiates itself from most furniture retailers by offering a wide range of well designed array of home furniture at very attractive prices that remain affordable to a large group of diverse customers. There are some unique features of IKEA as compared to most furniture retail stores (IKEA, 2012) Self – Service’ (minimal service or influence from sales person) Details of all products are made ubiquitous in the showroom thus making sales assistance unnecessary which this in return helps to reduce the hiring cost of labor. Layout of Products (product exposure) Ikea stores are designed in a one-way ‘walk-through layout’ that requires customers to be exposed to the entire products which is unlike from most furnitu re retail stores where by customers may choose to go directly to the section they preferred.Hence, the flow allows increased efficiency from entering the showroom, selecting of products to lastly making payments. Furniture Most of Ikea products are self – assembled products, this helps to reduce the costs of shipping as higher volume of bulk packaging can be done. Unlike most furniture retail stores where free delivery and assembly is given, additional charges apply if fixing of product is required by the customers. Lastly, four dimensions of operations (Volume, Variety, Variation and Visibility) will be used to determine the differences between IKEA operations to that of most furniture retail stores.High Volume – IKEA’s operations are of very large scale, major land space and huge car parks are developed to cater to all customers, everything about the design of IKEA’s operations encourages high volume of throughput as compared to most furniture retail st ores (IKEA, 2012). High Variety of product but Low Variety of service – The variety of products showcase in IKEA is much more than most furniture retail stores, from small items such as kitchen appliances to large items such as tables.However, as far as the variety of service is concerned it is relatively narrow. Most products are self – assembled and there is no sales person to provide any service to the customers, leaving themselves to figure out and make their own decision for the purchase. High Variation on demand – Public holidays and weekends usually attracts more crowded as compared to normal week days, hence result in high variation.However, there will not be any difficulty of getting part-time staff into IKEA during the peak period as the operations in IKEA are well designed. Unlike most retail store which require staff with specific expertise that requires time to hire. Low Visibility – Customer contact is high in certain extend, but overall it is lower than most furniture retail stores considering most of the things are done (‘self-service’) solely by the customers from the start till it reaches the point of payment where it is also a standardized process by IKEA.This ultimately reduces the costs of the transaction as far as IKEA is concerned. What do you think might be the major problems in running an operation like IKEA? Having such huge variety and high volume of product being transacted, it may be tough for them to manage the inventory for all items. Shipping of high volume bulk items may take time and IKEA may face stock-out period, hence their operations planning has to be done and calculated accurately.As all sales are done on ‘self-serviced’ manner, it may not create a great shopping experience as compared to most retail stores where sales person are able to cater a more specific and unique first-hand experience to all customers to create loyalty. Lastly, IKEA being the largest furniture retailer require a lot of natural material such as wood, which may harm the global environment (IKEA, 2012). Reference IKEA (2012) Our Vision and Business Idea. Available at: http://www. ikea. com/ms/en_SG/about_ikea/the_ikea_way/our_business_idea/index. html (Accessed 29 January 2013)

Islam is the second religion of the book Essay

Incidentally, the term: â€Å"People of the Book† comes from the Qur’an which cites both Judaism and Christianity, religions which came before Islam, as having part of its origins in the prophet of Abraham. In this, we can see a respect for the other religions; a respect which is lost on the perception of a vocal minority of Muslims and as a result, a perception that Muslims hate all other religions. This is false and dangerous assumption for both sides. Belief in Islam requires that a convert believe in only one God, the revelations which he has given to his people from his angels, his messengers and chiefly, the prophet Mohammad whose writings from 610AD until his death in 632 AD helped to compose the Holy book of Quran. It is a central belief and one that is seen as the most important: That there is no â€Å"God but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet. † This is required of all those wishing to consider themselves Muslims and followers of Mohammad and his teachings. There are an estimated 1. 6 billion Muslims with an annual growth rate which exceeds all other religions in the world. Muslims are spread all over the world but are highly concentrated in the Middle East. Pakistan is the most heavily populated country of Muslims and even America has an estimated seven to ten million Muslims in the country. Muslims believe that the Koran is the literal word of God and was made such by a visitation of the angel Gabriel to the prophet Mohammad. Angels are described in the Koran as: â€Å"messengers with wings. Two or three of four pairs. He adds to Creation as He pleases. † This is a central belief as well as the fact that Mohammad, despite his greatness in the religion of Islam, is not considered a deity of any kind. Neither is Jesus who, despite being highly regarded in the official teachings of the last fourteen centuries, is considered to be only a man and a prophet of God’s, although his greatness is not to exceed that of the prophet Mohammad. God is a central theme of the religion and his is referred to as: â€Å"God, the One and Only: God, the eternal, Absolute, He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto him. † It is also a central theme of Islam; the Day of Judgment. Similar to the Christian belief in predestination, many Muslims believe that people are predestined as to whether they will enter heaven or enter hell on the Day of Judgment. That is not to say that an individual does not have the freedom to choose, rather that God, from the beginning of time, knows the destination of every person who ever existed, or who will ever exist. In this fervor, the message of a complete submission to God is central as well as to the belief in Islam. Disbelief and a failure to submit to the will of God are one of the main offenses which, according to the Koran, will result in a person, on the Day of Judgment, going to hell. The latter is one of the main appeals that individuals have for Islam as in many countries with a high population of Muslims, the living conditions are less than substandard and people live a very tough existence. Lastly, one of the most important and central teachings of Islam is called the â€Å"Five Pillars of Islam. † There are five major aspects of Islam which individuals are strongly encouraged to observe. The first is belief in Mohammad as the prophet of God and that the words of the prophet which are located in the Koran are the literal word of God. The second is praying in the direction of Mecca, five times a day. The third is the giving of alms or charity to the poor and needy. The fourth is fasting during the month of Ramadan in which one must not eat or drink from dusk to dawn. The last is called the Hajj or a pilgrimage during the fourth Islamic month to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. † The latter will compel millions of Muslims, sometimes two and three million Muslims at a time, to go to Mecca at the same time in order to fulfill their last duty, or pillar of Islam. When asking Mr. Aziz about the importance of the religion of Islam within his own life, he gave a very passionate and informed response. â€Å"In America, there is a great deal of misconception about the religion of Islam and as a Muslim; it is my responsibility to live in a way that would help to dispel those myths. Although not in the same light, nor with the same amount of spotlight, it is similar to the experience that the American boxer, Joe Louis had while he was the Boxing heavyweight champion of the world. His manager was careful not to have Joe Louis portrayed in a way that would add to the misconceived stereotypes about African Americans at that time since the last African America boxer, Jack Johnson, had done the opposite and was shunned by America. † When asked if he has found this to help within his own life; the conception of others about him, his ethnicity and his religion, Mr. Aziz had a mixed response. â€Å"There will always be people who will not change their opinions about the Middle East or Islam. I can’t really help that. However, for three high majorities of people who make the effort to know me, they have sometimes come out and said that they were wrong about Muslims, or at least about me. There is still a hint of racism within such sentiments. However, it is progress. † Mr. Aziz then talked to me about his religion. â€Å"In Islam, there are five pillars which every Muslim is expected to respect and obey these pillars. In no specific order, these five pillars are to travel to Mecca at least once in your life, to give to charity, to pray five times in the day while facing in the direction of Mecca, to fast during the Holy Months and to believe that there are no gods but Allah and that Mohammad is his messenger. The last is the most important and is what helps to connect the more than 1. 6 billions Muslims in more than a hundred countries in the world, each one to the other. It is very important to all Muslims. I have not yet gone to Mecca but I hope to by the end of the decade. I have not always been faithful in the completion of the other four on a daily basis as most people of faith experience a lapse in their faith and devotion. That has happened before. However, I am quick to connect the dots and to separate myself from whatever vehicle is serving as an impediment to my faith. † â€Å"Fasting is also important. During the Holy month of Ramadan, there is to be no eating during sunlight. This is one of the most difficult of the five pillars. The reason to fast is that it will help to bring the believer closer to God through the realization that God is the supplier of everything and that nothing can be done apart from him. We eat his food and breathe his air. We use his sunlight and are stewards of his world. In comparison with God, man is so small and weak. Sometimes people forget that. Fasting helps to remind them. † Mr. Aziz also prays five times a day as well as gives to charity. â€Å"I wake up at 5am and pray then as well as at 8am, noon, four pm and before I go to bed at 9pm. Since I was raised to do this and to adhere to the five pillars, this has become a habit of mine and is not really difficult. I remember as a child, I rebelled a great deal towards this especially since I wanted to stay in bed. It was not until two consecutive years, did I feel its difficulty ease and I began to enjoy it. † It is also important to give to charity. This does not solely mean money. There are many people in the world who are very poor and do not have the money to give. To give to charity, or to give alms, means also to be helpful to one’s neighbor. Whether it is shoveling the snow from an elderly neighbor’s driveway or simply just informing a person at the grocery store that they dropped their purse; these all are examples of charity. † Mr. Aziz also speaks to the importance that his religion has towards his community. â€Å"Even though here in America, there is an estimated three to seven million Muslims, there are very few where I live and no places of worship. One of the reasons for the latter I believe is caused by the beliefs that the people in the surrounding towns have about Muslims and that we are all terrorists. Therefore, there have been many attempts, to diffuse any building plans for a mosque. † How do you feel about that? â€Å"It is discouraging to me but me and fellow Muslims meet in people’s homes in order to worship and pray. It is similar to the 1st century Christians who were barred from worshiping by the Roman authorities or the Jews who during WWII were not allowed to worship either. We are not under the same level of persecution but as these other two groups. However, it still requires some planning. † â€Å"It is my family and friends which help to lay a foundation of faith within my life. There are few Muslims in the surrounding areas. Therefore, the friends that I do have and which practice Islam as well as my family, for more than one reason, provide a structure and foundation for me. This is very important. America does not have the same problem with their Muslim population in comparison to the troubles in Europe because we have assimilated. This is important to a degree. We do not want to become completely Americanized but in the process, love American sports and the traditions that come with this country. † So we are then relegated to worship nearly in private. † It is one of the prices to pay for being a Muslim in America. However, since the majority of American Muslims are doing well in America and enjoy this land, we are content to pay some of that price. We are Muslims first however and Americans second. Just as Christians have as a major aspect of their identity in which it cannot be separated from who they are, the same can be said about Muslims. † â€Å"The societal restrictions towards Muslims in America have eased up. However, as a Muslim in America, I still feel as though I am a foreigner in a country that I immigrated to legally over twenty years ago. America has still given me more opportunities than my homeland. I just look forward to the day when I can be truly being considered an America. If I do not live to see that day, I will be sad but I will remain happy that I have had such a rewarding and blessed life while living in America. † Mr. Aziz still continues to work and to support his family. When asked about the faith of his two daughters, Mr. Aziz comments: â€Å"They are eight and ten years old so they are young, but not too young to understand some of the world around them. I hope that I can keep them from experiencing instances of racism or prejudice. I do not however, that the worst that they receive in America, is still better than what they could have hoped for in Pakistan. That is why I am hesitant to complain too loudly. I am still able to raise my children, along with my wife, in the ways that we choose. This is a great freedom that America has; its religious freedom. I recently watched a documentary on Thomas Jefferson and learned that he was instrumental in creating a foundation of religious freedom that is present in America. This happened more than two hundred years ago. Yet, I am a recipient of such actions even today. It is very amazing to me and I am very appreciative. † â€Å"I am proud to be an American. However, I am also proud to be a Muslim. It seems that in the past few years, especially since 9/11, such sentiments have been seen as an oxymoron. I believe that they are one in the same as America promises religious freedom to all who will practice their religion of choice without breaking the law. This is the great gift that America’s forefathers and all who help to preserve such efforts, to contemporary Americans and all who will follow. It is the effort of every Muslim, not to be swayed by the fleeting morals of a society but to hold firm to the faith and teachings of Islam. This is what I am attempting to do. I have not always been successful and have fallen away from my faith from time to time. It is important, just like with anything in life, that once somebody has fallen short of their personal expectations, to get right back up and to try again. Religious faith is an ongoing process and does not stop while one is alive. † This is my hope and prayer for me and all others who feel that the law can only go so far and that a personal relationship with God is paramount in a person’s life. WORKS CITED Armstrong, Karen Islam: A Short History New York: Random History 2006 Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson New York: Steeplechase & PBS Films 1997 Miller, James Religions of the World. New York: WW Norton 1987 The Holy Qur’an (2002) New York: Oxford University Press An Interview with Mr. Aziz. Recorded with his permission on November 1, 2007 and Transcribed on November 4, 2007.

Analytical Comparison of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory on Essay

Analytical Comparison of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory on Children's Behaviour - Essay Example 46). Such factors may be related to the child’s immediate environment during the early stages of growth, emotional attachments to the child’s care givers, social relations with friends and peers, and factors related to the child’s cognition. Over time, the knowledge of the factors influencing behaviour has enabled policymakers to formulate policies and programs that promote better development of children’s behaviour in different sectors. This paper seeks to examine both the Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory with the aim of relating the theories to children’s behaviour. Description of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory The attachment theory asserts that children begin to develop psychological attachment to the first people they relate with, and knowledge acquired through such attachments influences their behavioural development (Inge 1992, p. 38). As such, the theory affirms that a positive parent-child relationship during the early stages o f child growth and development is essential, since it influences the future behaviour of the child in later stages of life. The nature of the relationship between the child and the care giver during the early stages of growth determines the nature of the child’s character, personality, and behaviour in later years (Inge 1992, p. 38). ... 38). Cognitive theory associates behaviour with the mental processes, asserting that people make choices according to how they perceive and understand different situations in their lives (Doherty & Hughes 2009, p.39). Cognitive theory advances that human behaviour is not solely based on reflex, or cause and effect, but people make conscious and logical choices to undertake particular actions depending on their understanding of the situations. As such, the theory argues that people do not act merely for the need to react to scenarios in their immediate environments, but rather they act to respond to their mental and psychological processes which term their actions as logical and necessary (Dowling 2009, p.121). The exposure of children to environments with different experiences influences their behavioural development, since such exposure requires the children to behave differently in different situations (Chesnay & Anderson 2011, p.3). Analysis in relation to current policies, strate gies, and legislations Attachment theory Different policies, strategies, and legislation have been formulated and adopted in programs aimed at promoting proper children growth and development, particularly in relation to children’s behaviour. Understanding of the influence of the attachment theory and cognitive theory in children’s behaviour has led to the formulation of Every Child Matters, an arrangement that seeks to ensure that all children are considered in the services provided by statutory, voluntary, or private providers (Gargiulo 2010, p.43). Children with avoidant attachment characteristics are largely antisocial and independent in most of their activities,

Consumer Behaviour ( Paraphrase assignment) Essay

Consumer Behaviour ( Paraphrase assignment) - Essay Example Analysing CB helps marketers understand the reason and the mechanism of how consumers make specific buying decisions. The study of CB can be used to explain why customers behave in specific ways- what are the motivating factors for the customers, what are the factors that catch a customer’s attention, what retains their faithfulness towards a product, brand or company and what turns a customer into â€Å"fan† of an organization (Blackwell, Engel, & M, 2006). The objective of this assignment is to analyse the various business theories, models and practices in the area of consumer behaviour. We will specifically analyse the practices being followed by ‘The Body Shop’ (TBS) to influence consumer buying. ... ity of â€Å"The Body Shop† can be explained as a result of its marketing activities which make an enormous impact on the psychological facets of consumer thereby affecting the Consumer Decision process. PSYCHOLOGICAL CORE The marketing activities undertaken by an organization influences the factors in the psychological core of a consumer. These activities are aimed at creating awareness and demand for the product which influence the Consumer Decision process. Hence, it is important that marketers analyze the psychological core which comprises of the following components: PERCEPTION Consumers undergo different stages of processing in which various stimuli are input and stored. However consumers do not passively process all the information that is present but only a small number in their environment is ever noticed. Of these, an even smaller number are attended to. The meaning of stimulus is interpreted by the three stages: exposure (or sensation), attention and interpretation. These three make up the process of perception. The figure below provides an overview of the perceptual process. Figure 2: An overview of the perceptual process Source: (Quester, Neal, & Hawkins, 2007) EXPOSURE Exposure occurs when a stimulus comes within range of our sensory receptor nerves (Quester, Neal, & Hawkins, 2007). TBS practices a lot of random and deliberate exposure. Advertisements in magazines, promotional offers and information on new products in e-mails, hoardings and TV advertisement are one mechanism of increasing the exposure of TBS products to the consumers. One of the advertisements that was recently scene in the ‘Vogue’ magazine of November 2010 edition which creates awareness for its new fragrance- Dreams Unlimited is shown below: Figure 3: Recent TBS advertisement seen in

Organization Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization Culture - Essay Example The culture of a utility organization is reasonably well suited to forms of regulated monopoly. The maintenance of consistent performance in a utility organization is more important than continued innovation, because any mistakes in any organization's innovation process can be very costly. The culture of a software organization is reasonably well suited to its contextual and environmental realities. It is vital for a software firm to develop continuously, and strive for consistent innovation by utilizing the skills and creativity of its employees to a maximum. It is misguided to try to find a one-size-fits-all cultural profile for an organization's internal and external realities. The popular assumption that an ideal culture can be found by carefully examining the is a misguided one, and "it is not clear that any particular culture will be effective for any specific organization at a particular point in time" Greene, R. J. It is imperative that respondents to the survey understand that there are no standard or superior answers, and that "the critical goal is to ensure that an appropriate balance of viewpoints is arrived at" Greene, R. J. In order to promote a focus on customer satisfaction, it might be necessary to hire professionals who have had experience in organizations where the survival of the organization is dependent on customer satisfaction. In software organizations, managers shou... J. In order to promote a focus on customer satisfaction, it might be necessary to hire professionals who have had experience in organizations where the survival of the organization is dependent on customer satisfaction. In software organizations, managers should be encouraged to have a broader perspective, and incentives could be developed to increase recognition of the importance of support functions in the overall success of the firm. Management critique The definition and evaluation of an organization's culture can used to ensure that human resource strategies employed by an organization, are compatible with its common shared basic beliefs and assumptions. This involves conducting a survey to ascertain from the parties involved, the level of compatibility with the existing culture, and ensuring that their actual values or voices are represented in the survey questionnaire. In software organizations, the culture should be defined with a lot of flexibility, with staff roles that are temporary and can be frequently changed, so as to allow for success in a wide variety of future endeavors. References. Greene, R. J. Culturally compatible HR strategies. HR

Chernobyl Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chernobyl Disaster - Essay Example Chernobyl disaster happened due to overheating of the core, which resulted in the core meltdown. The meltdown of the core exposed the radioactive matter to the outer environment and it was also carried far away by wind. People were forced to leave the city as quickly as they could. At first, people were not informed by the accident but after some time, the news of the disaster spread widely. The radioactive materials from the reactors were found hazardous to the people and other living beings of the place. The persons who were quite near the power plant or working inside the power plant faced the high exposure of radioactive materials. Only two workers had lost their lives, when accident happened but the accident caused severe damages to the people nearby the place of accident and a large number of people had suffered from cancer and died after the accident (World Nuclear Association 2011). The radioactive ash from the reactor had two parts. One part of the ash contained very small particles which were carried away by the wind. The other part of the ash contained a bit thick particles and could remain hazardous for many hundreds of years. The disaster had endangered more lives as compared to any other such incident. Belarus, the place nearest to Chernobyl, had been affected more than any other region from the radiations, spread as the result of Chernobyl disaster (World Nuclear Association 2011). ... The reactor no four was made with high precision and a lot of instrumentation was utilized to precisely measure different functionalities. A nuclear power plant is incomplete without the implementation of a cooling system. The cooling system is employed to draw the decay heat away from the reactor core. Water is utilized mostly as a coolant in the nuclear reactors. On 26th, April 1986, the water pumps, which were used to maintain the temperature of the core, were stopped for some time to verify that the backup power system to power the water pumps is working properly. In this little while the temperature of the core was raised but the backup power system did not worked. Then it was tried to normally start the cooling pumps but in vain. The temperature of the core exceeded to an uncontrollable level which blew the thick steel roof of the core with a massive amount of heat and unused radioactive material. Chernobyl power complex had lacked one of the most important safety features that are employed in modern nuclear reactors. Containment cooling method, that is considered when there is an uncontrollable situation at the nuclear reactor, prevents the radiations from spreading in the atmosphere. At the Chernobyl, there must be a containment cooling system which could reduce the spreading of the radiation material. The authorities like government should emphasize more on safety features rapture than generating high profits. The Chernobyl nuclear reactors had lacked other safety measures, active and passive cooling techniques must be there to meet the uncontrollable situations. There were construction errors, like the pillars that were to be placed horizontally were not present there at the reactor building

What should 21st Century Environmentalism look like Essay - 1

What should 21st Century Environmentalism look like - Essay Example Globalization and World’s processes like cyclones are environmental problems that affect almost all human beings. The 21st environmentalism has formidable challenges and dangers safety concerns. Increased cases of storms, cyclones, droughts, floods are of global concern. Extinction of species, meltdown of glaciers and low food production are the resultant features of global warming. Several nations across the globe are worried on the ozone layer, change of climate and wildlife threats. These challenges have put a worrying picture on how the environment will look like at the course of 21st century. The main environmental issues like, pollution, deletion of the ozone layer and Global warming leaves us with the question; what should 21st century environmentalism look like? Each of the above problems and others not mentioned, have the cause, environmental impact and a possible solution. Both solutions and measures for environmental problems are in the same path. A huge chunk of these problems originates from developed societies with many industries. They affect the environment in the amount of resources they consume and pollutants they produce. Both the developed and developing countries contribute to environmental degradation, for instance the oil rich gulf-region experience depletion of environment during oil extraction. Developing and developed countries use the same oil in industries production and motor vehicles, causing air pollution and thus depleting ozone layer. The 21st century environment has serious threats caused by humans; the earth’s natural resources are in extinct. The use of land is a concern in 21st century; man encroaching in the habitat of wildlife destroys its ecosystem, destroys the underground water and desertification. Industries emit toxic chemicals, which interfere with aquatic animals, and soil erosion. Environmental challenges causes water crisis, water pollution and global warming interfere with the

Labor Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Labor Law - Essay Example These are the ethical issues that a buyer from an engineering company has to face when buying electrical components from these sorts of companies. In a way, he will be indirectly promoting child labor. He will also need to be aware of the fact that in such factories children become incapacitated, emotionally and physically, from less than appropriate working conditions. With brutal injuries, they are unable to attend school and pass on the chance to have a better life for themselves. Those that survive face psychological and physical scars that will remain with them for the rest of their lives. This is a particularly touchy case. There has been a lot of money invested and there seems to be a lot at stake. Also, it is the last opportunity for the team to earn fame, money and glory. The predicament for the person who knows about the failings of the car is understandable, especially as he happens to be the new one in the project. It is difficult to voice opinions if you have been the most recent entrant into a project. There is always an unspoken hierarchy in situations of this nature, and the value of the lowest in the pecking order is never taken too seriously. However, the person's bigger responsibility is t... It is evident that the car may go out of control during the course of the race, and the consequences could be anything. While the rest of the team may argue that the risk is minimal - and you can't fault them from thinking that way - the driver could be in danger of his life. The best thing to do in this case is to reason with his teammates. Quitting is the easier solution but that does not help the unsuspecting driver in any case.If his teammates do not want to pull the car out of the race even after much coaxing then the best thing to do is to inform the organizers of the race to take action. The person may lose friends in the process but he could well be saving a life. Exercise 3 This is a tricky situation for Paul. He is left to choose between his work and his marriage. Objectively, the choice does not seem to be that difficult. However, for the person facing the predicament it could be a tough issue.Paul has to look at his peace of mind when making this decision. Professionally, he is under obligation to take the task. If others in the team are willing to work long hours, Paul would like to do the same, simply out of professional pride, especially if he happens to be heading the project. Plus, the incentive of money is a great pull. Paul is seeing this as a career making opportunity. However, it is impossible for him to stand firm on professional ethics when his marriage is at danger. He has three children and his wife to cater to. In a situation like this the best thing to do would be to open up to the company's hierarchy and explain the problems. He may not have to tell all details; giving a hint of what is at stake can be perfectly

Factors that Influence Consumer Behavior Patterns, when Purchasing Essay

Factors that Influence Consumer Behavior Patterns, when Purchasing Fashion Items - Essay Example This study reveals a number of factors that do influence the consumer behavior when making the buying decision for fashion goods. There are a number of factors that have such influence. Culture is one of those factors. There is a number of such factors such as the subculture, the stage of life, age demographics, the personality and perception and so on. This research will identify those factors and exploring their impact on the buying decision of the consumers for fashion goods. Cultural influences are powerful ones and if a company does not understand the culture in which a particular market operates, it cannot hope to develop products and market them successfully in that market. Culture affects consumer behavior in a variety of ways. It relates to customs and beliefs that are learned from the society in which an individual grows up. Culture is a huge area of study that often has unclear boundaries and fluctuates in degree of influencing consumers. Cultural elements that influence c onsumer behavior can also be said to be environmental influences. A sub-culture could be defined as a group of individuals whose beliefs, values and behavior differ from that of the predominant culture. ‘Sub-culture plays an important part to marketers because of their influence on brands and types of product and services demanded by their members.’ This culture is rebelling away from long working hours and heavy television watching lifestyle. In this alternative culture the interest and participation of extreme sports has merged with music and clothing.

Greek Philosophical Thought Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Greek Philosophical Thought - Research Paper Example During the time of the Babylonian exile, when they defeated the Jews in Jerusalem in 587 B.C., the Jews did not lose faith in their God and strongly believed they would be delivered by God’s emissary on earth, an Anointed Messiah who would restore the Jews to their rightful home in Israel. Not all Jews chose to return to Israel after the Babylonians were conquered by Cyrus the Persian and Babylonia continued to have a vibrant Jewish culture for several centuries. The Persian Empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. and gave the Jews greater freedom of movement and they settled in Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Asia Minor. This gave rise to a diluted form of Judaism, especially among the Maccabees in Greek society. However, even the Hellenized Maccabees had their limits on departure from God’s Law and they revolted against the Syrian rulers in 166 B.C.. For the Jews, the ruler Antiochus pushed too hard to change Jewish culture. The revolt continued until 142 B.C. with the Jews ultimately prevailing. The revolt was a ferocious display of Jewish commitment to worship according to their laws and forever colored affairs between Jews and Greeks. During the last century B.C. the Maccabees amassed a far-reaching kingdom of oppressed Gentiles. (Frend 18, 19). The Gentiles were as uncomfortable with Jewish rule as the Jews had been under Antiochus and were easily befriended by the Romans during their expansion into Galilee (Frend 19). During the Maccabean Wars, Rome and Jews had a combined enemy in the Selucides and even treated with the Romans in 161 B.C., thus were early allies (Frend 19, 20). Though t he Jewish state continued to exist after the Roman general Pompey progressed against Jerusalem, their territory was much reduced. With the coming of the Romans, actual authority over the Jewish state was in fact Roman and a collateral of politics in the East (Frend 20). Herod, not much loved by the Jews, was appointed by the Roman Senate to be governor of Galilee and faced fierce opposition by the Jews. He was eventually appointed king of Jewish Judea and Samaria and operated as a client ruler under Roman authority (Frend 21). 3. The Herodian Jews were largely present in Jerusalem and other major centers. They tended to be wealthier and more Hellenized than their neighbors and had been described as â€Å"godless jews† in earlier times (Frend 22). Though they had only vague influence on Christian development, the Greek element was quite pronounced during Jesus’ time. The Sadducees were also wealthier Jews but embodied a strong patriotism of the Jewish state. The priestl y class was drawn from the Sadducees and they were strict observers of the Law of the Torah (Frend 23). So strict was their belief that they resented Herod’s rule and believed themselves to be accountable for maintaining Jewish law, even at the expense of other Jews. According to Frend at 23, â€Å"Rebellion could not be tolerated and messianic enthusiasm was dangerous aberration.† The scribes and Pharisees were viewed as the keepers and interpreters of Jewish Law, embodied in the Torah (Frend 13). They represented the populous in leadership of the Palestinian Jews. It

Slavery and African Slave Traders Essay Example for Free

Slavery and African Slave Traders Essay 1. What was indentured servitude like in the colonies? Was it much different from being a slave?: Indentured servants either agreed to serve for a stated period usually about five years or upon arrival to the colonies they bargained with wealthy Englishmen, Dutchmen or High German, for how long they would serve for their passage money. In the colonies indentured servants where under strict control of their masters and were not given any compensation for their work. It was much like slavery but not everything was the same. Indenture was a contract and unlike slaves servants could sue their masters if they failed to fulfill their half of the bargain. Where as slaves had no civil rights at all. Also unlike slaves servants were able to be freed after they have completed their years of labor. Usually the former servant was entitled an outfit with that most servants become land owners. 2. Compare/contrast the Middle Passage to the voyage of indentured servants. In The Middle Passage they were not treated the same as were the people in The voyage of the Indentured Servants . The people in the Middle passage were beaten and deprived of food even after the crew was full from eating fish they did not give any to the slaves. The servants were allowed to bring their own food or drinks which most still went bad but they were not deprived entirely of food. As soon as the servants got to the colonies if they had paid their passage they were free to go unlike the slaves that were sold. The condition of living on both ships were much the same as far as the diseases and illness that plagued both ships. 3. Compare/contrast Olaudah Equiano’s document with Alexander Falconbridge’s. Are these documents reliable? Why or why not? Both documents are personal accounts of what each man viewed on the slave ships. The two documents spoke of disease, malnutrition, and punishment endured by the slaves. I believe both of the documents are a reliable source because they both spoke of relatively the same conditions as the other. Both of the documents spoke of African slave traders that traded and sold African slaves to the slave trade. In both passages they spoke of the much more cruel punishment the slaves would undergo from the white men as opposed to their prior black owners. 4. Whom did the slave trade serve? How many different types of people were involved? The slave trade served mainly American merchants. For the majority French, Dutch, English, and African slave traders. Slave ships would go abroad and capture as many people they could enslave.

Ohio State University Essay Example for Free

Ohio State University Essay Cynthia Ozick is a daughter to Celia Regelsion and William Ozick who was born on 17th April, 1928 in New York. She has a strong educational background. She is a BA degree holder from the university of New York and Masters degree (MA) holder from Ohio State University. She is a respectable and an outstanding writer who has written several fictions and essays and particularly on the life of Jewish Americans. Some of her works such as the novel entitled ‘Heir to the Glimmering world’ that was released in 2004 made her to become popular in the world especially in the United Kingdom. Ozick has achieved many awards due to her unmatched writing skills for example she won the 1986’s Rea Award for the short story writer. She was also on the limelight in 2005 when she won the Man Booker International award. As if this was not enough, she won herself the PEN award in honor of her excellent short story writing skills. Her writing career did not occur to her overnight in fact there are some historical factors that motivated and shaped her life to what she is now. This research paper is going to delve deeper into Cynthia Ozick’s historical background and try to establish the exact factors that influenced her to become a writer of her caliber. The paper will also give brief background information of her life and then conclude with a quick summary of the main points that have been discussed. In the very last page of this paper is a list of all the resources that have been consulted while conducting this research and are properly formatted in accordance with MLA formatting style. Cynthia Ozick was a second born in her family and her father owned a drugstore where Cynthia would assist him in delivering prescriptions. She hailed from a family that greatly valued education and that is why she ended following the path she took, wring novels, poems and plays. Her father was a great Jewish scholar while her uncle was a renown Hebrew poet whose work was widely read. It is her uncle who for the first time introduced her in the field of literature thereby laying the foundation of her future career. (Rothstein) She attended school at a time when anti-Semitism was on the highest degree. She first experienced it while she was schooling at Pelham Bay section where she would receive anti Semitic slurs and attacks especially when Christmas carols were sung in class for she would not sing along as it was her principle. (Jiffynotes. com) She never gave up with school life instead she read books of her older brothers and would get others from a mobile library that passed by their drugstore. Her life took a new dimension when she joined high school at Hunter College where she found the situation being different from that in primary school life in that her education excellence was respected and greatly appreciated something that paved way for her to pursue higher education in 1949 at New York University and later to join Ohio State University for her Master’s program. (Fallon, E. 320-22) Generally speaking, though her life was good at home it was not the same in public. It was in accordance with Jewish culture that young children in America be taken for religious instructions and Cynthia Ozick was no exception. She experienced her first childhood pain at the age of five and half when her grandmother took her for those classes at Yiddish only to be disappointed by the Rabbi who refused to accept the girl arguing that there was no need to educate females. â€Å"Take her home, a girl does not have to study’ (Lowin) Rabbi had no idea whom she was sending away because the girl was bright. Though she was sent away, her grandmother never gave up in fact she took her again the next morning and she was accepted. Rabbi later discovered that the girl was a quick learner and through Rabbi Cynthia came to learn Yiddish knowledge. The experience of her being sent away from school by Rabbi who believed that girls were dispensable to be educated motivated Cynthia in one way or the other. She says that her feminism cropped up due to this treatment. (Lowin J.) Another thing that motivated her to write novels was the memories of how she was treated at school in Bronx. Though the girl was intelligent there are other things that made her feel inadequate, ‘While Ozick describes the Pelham Bay section of the Bronx as a lovely place she found it ‘brutally’ difficult to be a Jew there she remembers having stones thrown at her and being called a Christ-killer as she ran past the two churches in her neighborhood† (Lowin J). she recalls how she was treated so many years down the line something she confirms in her novel, The Cannibal Galaxy which where she describes her life in school that she was suffering like a little worm in school perhaps because she was an immigrant child left under the hands of a teacher who cared less about her life. According to Fallon (323), though Cynthia would not relate well with other children at school there was another option and a better one, books. After school she would burry her head in books that she got from a mobile library that passed by their drugstore once in a week. She says that the mobile librarians would take their cup of coffee at Park View Pharmacy after they were through with their work and she would pick two big books and magazines which transferred her completely to another world, a world different from what she experienced in school, a world of books where no one would interfere with her life. It could be said that harassment she experienced at school was a blessing in disguise because it made her to study more thereby increasing her level of intelligence. She was motivated to spend more of her time reading as she could not relate well with other students who would even criticize and throw stones at her while passing by them. (Fallon 324) The books she received from the traveling library magically transformed her life from that of a doltish schoolgirl to a reader and a prominent writer. She started by going through fairly tails and ended up being a renown novelist. The other motivational force came from her uncle Abraham Regelson, a poet who was admired for his outstanding composing and writing skills. She says that Regelson paved a way for her to follow what she refers to as a strange career. She says, â€Å"It seemed quite natural to belong to the secular Id of literature† (Lowin). She attributed her career choice to her gender arguing that if she was born a boy may be she would have pursue something else instead of what she did. She felt more motivated when she joined high school at Hunter College, Manhattan. The school atmosphere was different from that of the primary school. Here it was academic excellence that made one to be recognized and for the simple reason that she was extremely bright, she felt like she was part of the big elite group. She clearly describes those feelings in her short story book â€Å"An Education. † After she successfully completed her high school education, she proceeded to the University of New York for her BA degree and after that joined Ohio state university for her Masters degree where she wrote her thesis ‘Parable in the Later Novels of Henry James’. In her peace of work entitled, According to Lowin, the lesson of the Master Cynthia Ozick explains how she was influenced by the work of Henry James such that she became a worshipper of literature. She says, â€Å"A worshipper who had to choose between human entanglement, real life and exclusive devotion to art, chooses art. She chose art over life, she says to her eternal regret† (Lowin). Her definition in work of art was confirmed when she directed all her efforts to what she referred to as ‘High Art’ and she embarked on writing philosophical novels such as Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love (MPPL). After that she stopped writing novels and committing herself to other pieces of work like writing Jewish literature. She also got culturally transformed and became what could be termed as Jewish autodidact (Rothstein, M. ). Later, she would further be influenced by the work of Heinrich Graetz – History of the Jews and thereby she took another dimension as far as writing was concerned. She started writing more about Jews and came to be referred to as a Jewish writer. She wrote many poems with Jewish themes and also published another piece of work entitled the Pagan Rabbi in 1966 which made her very popular as it was widely read. It is from this time that her character in the field of writing started to shine internationally. She won several awards and her stories were chosen as the best in the yearly American Short Stories. She also won the Faultner Award and the National Book Award plus other dozen grants and awards that were only coveted by many not mentioning the several honorary degrees she was warded by various universities. (Associated Press) Though she was not a direct victim of the Jewish Holocaust, she would recall how Jews were killed by deadly gas by the ruthless Nazis and particularly in Germany. These memories have also become another motivating force behind her career as a Jewish writer because she has spent a great deal of time and energy writing about what was happening during that time. In conclusion it can be said that Cynthia Ozick’s career was to a large extent shaped by anti-Semitism attacks she met at school. The fact that other students were isolating her and openly criticized opened another door for her. She found solace in books which she received from a mobile library that passed by their drug store. Again having come from a family with people who valued education, she got motivated to study harder than others. Later was later influenced by the work of Regelson and Heinrich Graetz. Again the memories of how the Jews were treated during the First World War reawakened her conscience something that made her to switch to a Jewish leader. Works Cited: Associated Press. Author Cynthia Ozick wins to lifetime achievement awards. Times Record News. April 24, 2008. Accessed at http://www. timesrecordnews. com/news/2008/apr/24/author-cynthia-ozick-wins-2- lifetime-achievement-a/? printer=1/ Lowin, J. Cynthia Ozick. Jewish Virtual Library. 1928. Available at http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/biography/Ozick. html Fallon, E. A Readers Companion to the Short Story in English Society for the Study of the Short Story. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 Jiffy notes . com. Cynthia Ozick. Thomson Gale, 2006. Available at http://www. jiffynotes. com/a_study_guides/book_notes/ssfs_0000_0022_0/ssfs_0 000_0022_0_00022. html Rothstein, M. Cynthia Ozicks Rabbinical Approach to Literature. New York Times. March 25, 1987. Available at http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9B0DE5D91330F936A15750C0 A961948260sec=spon=pagewanted=all

Analysing The Significance Of The Treaty Of Westphalia Politics Essay

Analysing The Significance Of The Treaty Of Westphalia Politics Essay The 350th anniversary of the Peace of Westphalia in 1998 was marked by a flurry of conferences and publications by historians, but it was largely ignored in the discipline of international relations (IR). This oversight is odd because in IR the end of the Thirty Years War is regarded as the beginning of the international system with which the discipline has traditionally dealt. Indeed, the international system has been named for the 1648 peace. Firstly, for some time now, this Westphalian system, along with the concept of sovereignty at its core, has been a subject of debate: Are the pillars of the Westphalian temple decaying? or Are we moving beyond Westphalia?  [1]   In this debate, Westphalia constitutes the taken-for-granted template against which current change should be judged.  [2]  We contend, however, that the discipline theorizes against the backdrop of a past that is largely imaginary. We show here that the accepted IR narrative about Westphalia is a myth. Then we cover the introduction, theoretical aspects of the Westphalia states, the arguments if the elites actually enjoy substantial autonomy in both domestic and foreign affairs of third world countries or not,( it effects) how it is misleading and then the conclusion. Introduction Westphalia is a term used in international relations, supposedly arising from the Treaties of Westphalia 1648 which ended the Thirty Years War. It is generally held to mean a system of states or international society comprising sovereign state entities possessing the monopoly of force within their mutually recognized territories. Relations between states are conducted by means of formal diplomatic ties between heads of state and governments, and international law consists of treaties made (and broken) by those sovereign entities.  [3]   The term implies a separation of the domestic and international spheres, such that states may not legitimately intervene in the domestic affairs of another, whether in the pursuit of self-interest or by appeal to a higher notion of sovereignty, be it religion, ideology, or other supranational ideal. In this sense the term differentiates the modern state system from earlier models, such as the Holy Roman Empire or the Ottoman Empire.  [4]  We define both domestic and foreign affairs because these are key words to understanding our question and why these two key words are important to third world countries and their elites as below: Domestic policy, also known as public policy, presents decisions, laws, and programs made by the government which are directly related to issues in the country.  [5]  It is a set of laws and regulations that a government establishes within a nations borders. It covers a wide range of areas, including business, education, energy, health care, law enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare, and personal rights and freedoms.  [6]   Domestic policy decisions usually reflect a nations history and experience, its social and economic conditions, the needs and priorities of its people, and the nature of its government. Domestic policy is a frequent source of disagreement among people of different backgrounds and philosophies. People who hold conservative beliefs, for instance, will likely stress order, security, and traditional values in domestic policy. People who hold more liberal beliefs, on the other hand, will likely emphasize equality and government efforts to help the needy, and many broad domestic policy issues are similar for nearly all countries of the world. For example, all governments are expected to provide education, law and order, and other basic services for their citizens. However, the specific goals and objectives of domestic policy vary depending on each nations needs and capabilities. Most wealthy democracies, for instance, spend substantial sums of money on domestic programs. Many poorer countr ies have difficulty devoting resources to such essential areas as education and health care. A nations form of government largely determines how its domestic policy is formed and implemented. Under authoritarian governments, a ruling group may pursue its domestic policy goals without the input or consent of the people being governed. But in democratic societies, the will of the people has a much greater influence. However, a countrys foreign policy, also called the international relations policy, is strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals in international relations. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. In the recent time, due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-state actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount, foreign policies are designed by the government through high-level decision making processes. National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or through exploitation. Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (or equivalent). In some countries the legislature also has consider able over sigh.  [7]   The Theoretical Approach to theWestphalia State System. Does a discussion of the Treaty of Westphalia, promulgated in 1648, rightfully fall under the parvenu of a social science journal? The question arises because of the rather uneasy relationship between historians and social scientists. If one were to search the various history departments across the United States, for example, some are organized under colleges of social science and others under humanities. This ambiguity stems from the belief that there are fundamental assumptions in the modern practice of history that are largely incompatible with the tenets of social science but historians are certainly not adverse to borrowing liberally from their theories and practices, and vice versa. (1) Nearly despite themselves, however, historians have much to offer current debates about the future of the modern state system and its alleged origins in the Treaty of Westphalia.  [8]   The Treaty of Westphalia is used by social scientists as the foundation of several theoretical schools. Both realist and neo-liberal theories of international relations use the Westphalia state system as one of their most fundamental assumptions (though, of course, with different intentions). (2) Theorists of nationalism also consider the settlement of some significance. By linking religious identity to state identity, they argue, Westphalia was part of a long-term process that led to the ideology of nationalism in the nineteenth century and the primary identification of most ordinary Europeans with their nation-states. (3) The term has been used so often that most introductory political science texts treat its use as axiomatic. (4) The historical origins and context of the term, on the other hand, are generally not deemed of sufficient import to convey.  [9]   Historians view Westphalia quite differently. The Treaty of Westphalia itself was not the only agreement concluded at the peace negotiations held in the town of Muenster in 1648. In addition, the Treaty of Muenster, recognizing the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and ceding territory to France, and the Treaty of Osnabruck, granting Sweden its spoils of victory, also came out of what is more properly called the Settlement of Westphalia. Many of the precepts ascribed to Westphalia, such as state sovereignty and enforcement and regulation of international law, come from these two treaties rather than the Treaty of Westphalia itself. (5) The treaty ended the Thirty Years War, which had physically devastated much of the Holy Roman Empire, and marked the twilight of the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and the rise of powers such as France, the Netherlands, and, briefly, Sweden in the latter part à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [10]   Arguments that state elite of third world countries enjoy substantial autonomy in both domestic and foreign affairs are misleading are below: Land is one of the most fundamental components of agriculture, urban and industrial development. In sub-Sahara Africa just like the rest of the third world, ambitious land reforms have become commonplace over the past three decades as one government over the other have sought to free up land resources to meet national priorities. Whatever form it has taken, land reform often signifies only a single element in a large trend involving the expansion of the state at the expense of others, oftentimes competing of social authority.  [11]  State intervention in policy arena like land tenure is just one aspect of a large trend involving the wholesale expansion of the state in Africa. In past research, attempts have been made to connect this development to a coherent class or bureaucratic authoritarian strategy, with a primary focus on emergency of an autonomous. However, most evidence seems to confirm that the extension of the public sector has consisted of patchwork on initiatives desig ned primarily to satisfy the desperate interests of well placed individuals, called the state elites, their families and other favored groups. There has been little coordination, accounting, or planned use of resources and the state has been described as predatory rather than productive.  [12]  For example, the land question and Zimbabwes current crisis of governance appear to be intimately related. However, an extensive survey of the population in the mid-1990s ranked land access very low on the list of priorities when compared to employment creation.  [13]  Please show how the African elite are limited in implementing land policies that are their own by giving examples of Zimbabwe, where land reforms aimed at indigenous Zimbabweans also owning land was met with resistance and blackmail from UK etc. In south Africa big chunks of land still owned by white minority while the Black are crowded in Soweto slums. In Kenya the ahigh lands most fertile for commercial agric owned by the white settlers. In Uganda the land tenure system inherited from the British colonialists still pose a night mare, big chunks of land to the few royals (mailo akenda) 900,000 sq miles to the king and a few royals, the lost counties land of Banyoro being freely given to Buganda as reward for cooperation and punishment to Bunyoro etc. Collecting taxes, policing and administering justice are among the most basic functions of government and its elites. Historically, states were in large part formed around interactions between government agencies and subjects/citizens over these issues.  [14]  It is around the same issues that public officials have the greatest license to exercise coercion against citizens. There are powerful sensitivities about the character of the agencies that perform these functions, and strong reactions against any hint of commercialism in their governing principles. Tax-farmer, like mercenary, has long been a term of disparagement.  [15]  It is then no surprise that suspicion has attended the rapid spread of (semi-) autonomous revenue agencies (ARAs) in Latin America and in Anglophone Africa over the past two decades.  [16]   The task of collecting taxes has been taken from ministries of finance and given to revenue agencies that have some autonomy from central executive power and from rules governing public service recruitment, remuneration and procedures. In consequence, tax collectors, who are anyway often perceived as corrupt and privileged, generally have achieved very substantial increases in their formal salaries. Popular reaction has sometimes been adverse. President Museveni was probably speaking for many Ugandans when, in 2000, he described the Uganda Revenue Authority as a den of thieves.  [17]   However, in the eyes of a few academics and external observers, the introduction of revenue agencies has been seen as a step on the road to privatization of the revenue collection process. The establishment of an autonomous revenue authority, with staff paid at rates similar to those in comparable private sector jobs, does indeed seem to parallel the process of putting state agencies on a commercial footing as a prelude to privatization. In Anglophone Africa, and most third worlds, revenue raising will remain a core state function, controlled by the top political leadership. The creation of ARAs has improved relationships between tax authorities and larger corporate taxpayers, and increased, at least marginally, the capacity of governments to raise revenue.  [18]   Several African states have implemented democratic and liberal constitutional reforms during the last two decades. Regime change, the ending of decades of autocratic rule, and the emergence of independent courts are among the important changes produced by these reforms. Yet Africas constitutional moment has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. With the notable exception of South Africa, African nations continue to lie largely outside the mainstream of contemporary comparative constitutional discourse.  [19]  In Uganda for example, the first constitution of Uganda was abrogated in the year 1966 by state elites just after the independence of the country. In 1995 the Republic of Uganda promulgated a new constitution. The powers of the president which were initially limited are further increased by these amendments. The constitution of this African country declares Uganda as a Presidential Republic. A number of National Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy are included in the constitution of Uganda. The constitution is the ultimate rulebook for all operations of the State and its various agencies. The president in directly answerable to the parliament that is indirectly responsible to the people.  [20]   Domestically, there are threats from the state, institutional bureaucrats and academics themselves to academic freedom and to the institutional autonomy of universities in most Third world countries especially in South Africa. The situation is more complex than is often perceived. The generally disappointing post-independence history of academic freedom and autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa is drawn upon to illustrate the perils that may accompany too eager an embrace of the state by intellectuals in South Africa in confronting persisting racial inequities in institutions of higher learning.  [21]  We must say here that these are purely domestic policies enjoyed by state elites autonomously. A case study of Tsinghua University, one of Chinas most influential universities, which has special national significance and strong political ties to the state. Recalling three chapters in the past century of Tsinghuas history, gives an interpretive understanding of how the intertwined relationship between academia and officialdom has acted as a double-edged sword in shaping the Universitys autonomy. It shows an interesting interplay between the university and the state, revealing the mechanisms of the states control over the university, and the strategies adopted by the university to gain relative freedom. In the context of China, an individual university can contend with the states power to strive for its own autonomy.  [22]   To bring understanding closer, the intertwining of academia and officialdom is often perceived as a threat to university autonomy. In the modern Western university system, the concept of university autonomy emphasizes the power of a university or college to govern itself without outside controls.  [23]  Autonomy, along with academic freedom, is defined as intrinsic to the nature of the university, and a precondition if a university is to best fulfill its role and responsibilities toward society.  [24]  The intertwining of academia and officialdom, however, implies external political influence being brought to bear on education. A great deal of research has addressed diverse aspects of the relationship between academia and officialdom, including, for example, the use of the educational system as a channel for the socialization and circulation of elites. The development of school networks by political elites for recruitment purposes, the involvement of political forces in the a ppointment and promotion of professors, and the political alliance between the university leadership and government officials, including alumni in powerful governmental positions.  [25]  Hence this clearly shows that state elites enjoy autonomy of their domestic policy in Third World Countries. Poor leadership of state elites and bad knowledge generation are behind the illusion that African developmental challenges are exotic and difficult to resolve, an illusion exploited by paternalistic outsiders who talk about us as if we were infantile and incapable of the simplest tasks of self-government.   The default cry of Africas political, intellectual and business elite is to assert that when faced with the complexity of achieving social, economic and political transformation is to call for a continental government to rule all of Africa, a so-called United States of Africa.   It is the religion of the African intelligentsia, the rainbow-over-the-horizon promise of the politicians. Uganda, the third big East African partner, has been an autocracy since independence; the voices of Obote, Amin and Museveni have displaced the voice of the Ugandan people.   They purport to act in the name of the people, but no one can know what the policy leanings of the people are, because th ey have never had a chance to express their thoughts through politics. Something is broken in Africa, something that has been broken for a long time now, something we need to fix, something our elite are avoiding by misdirecting our attention to the daydream of a single continental government.   We will not get to our dream Africa by creating a continental platform for the relentless rent-seeking that hobbles us in our local and national communities.   We need to unleash the entrepreneurial energies, political and economic, of the varied peoples of Africa.   We cannot continue this way, not if we want to actualize all of our aspirations and our domestic policies. Industrialization by state elites in Third World Countries domestic policy is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean in the late 20th century found that high levels of structural differentiation, functional specialization, and autonomy of economic systems from government were likely to contribute greatly to industrial-commercial growth and prosperity. Amongst other things, relatively open trading systems with zero or low duties on goods imports tended to stimulate industrial cost-efficiency and innovation across the bo ard. Free and flexible labor and other markets also helped raise general business-economic performance levels, as did rapid popular learning capabilities. Positive work ethics in populations at large combined with skills in quickly utilizing new technologies and scientific discoveries were likely to boost production and income levels and as the latter rose, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tended to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. By the end of the century, East Asia was one of the most economically successful regions of the world with free market countries such as Hong Kong being widely seen as models for other, less developed countries around the world to emulate. A similar state-led developing programme was pursued in virtually all the Third World countries during the Cold War, including the socialist ones, but especially in Sub-Saharan Africa after the decolonization period. The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previously imported goods, the mechanization of agriculture and the spread of education and health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to a lack of realism: most countries didnt have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a capitalistic development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left huge debts toward western countries and fuelled public corruption. However, in this discussion, we still hold the view that the elites in third world countries do not enjoy their full state autonomy to make independent domestic policies and are misleading. Developed or powerful countries of the world like America, Britain, France among others who were at times colonial powers, continued to influence both the domestic and foreign policies of third world countries because they are poor, dependants, weak, underdeveloped among others. In this view, matters of trade, finance, investment, foreign aid among others have been shaped by developed countries making it worse for less developed countries in the face of the current globalization and the evil empires (Multinational) which are normally stronger than third world countries, international organizations, global institutions of the IMF, World Bank and the IMF. Globalization concerns have taken a far more positive path since the 1999 Seattle protests. Activists have begun to realize that it is the world governments who are the backbone of international organizations such as the G8, the World Bank, and the IMF and that efforts must be directed toward both the organizations and the member governments in order to achieve policy objectives. In July 2005, on the eve of an important G8 summit in Scotland, a massive music festival was organized to express public support for issues such as debt relief, aid for Africa and cooperation on cutting greenhouse emissions. Almost as if in response, the G8 heads of state announced important initiatives in these areas.  [26]   With respect to trade issues, many of the third world countries have created the greatest recent resistance to the global pressure to reduce trade barriers through World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. The main problem relates to agricultural products. Many of these countries have experienced a severe downturn in their domestic agricultural acreage because local producers cannot compete with agricultural exports from major countries such as the United States. They have persuasively argued that it is not a fair playing field because in Europe, Japan and the United States, agriculture receives sizeable government subsidies. Third world countries cannot afford to similarly subsidize their own domestic agricultural industries.  [27]  The matter came into focus at the WTO summit in Cancun, Mexico in September 2003. Mid-level developing countries such as Brazil, South Africa, India and China objected to any progress on reducing tariff barriers in general until the agricultural pro blem was resolved and the talks collapsed. At the subsequent WTO summit in Geneva, Switzerland in July 2004, a breakthrough was reached. The deal, approved by all 147 members, will cut rich countries farm subsidies in return for developing countries opening markets for manufactured goods. The implementation of the agreement presents obvious internal political challenges in the developed countries.  [28]   In matters of loans, the World Bank is an organization affiliated with the United Nations for the purpose of making loans to developing countries which are guaranteed. The bank is self-sustaining and has maintained a profit on its lending activities. The bank is owned by the member nations which include virtually all nations with the exception of Cuba and North Korea. Voting on bank policy is based on capital subscription. Seven countries, United States, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, Italy and France, have 45% of the voting power. The United States is a 17% shareholder. Many loans now issued by the World Bank involve structural adjustment conditions which generally require countries to devalue their currencies against the dollar; lift import and export restrictions; balance their budgets and not overspend; and remove price controls and state subsidies.  [29]   International Monetary Fund (IMF), The IMF is closely affiliated with the World Bank. It is also owned by virtually the same member nations as the World Bank and has a similar shareholder and voting arrangement based on the size of each members economy. The IMFs primary responsibility has been to maintain stable currency exchange rates between countries. The IMF also issues loans designed to help countries restructure their economies to increase exports and draw foreign investment. Countries that take out such structural adjustment loans give the IMF influence over their economic policies and foreign affairs as well.  [30]   Structural Adjustment Policies are economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank. Although SAPs are designed for individual countries but have common guiding principles and features which include export-led growth; privatization and liberalization; and the efficiency of the free market.  [31]   SAPs generally require countries to devalue their currencies against the dollar; lift import and export restrictions; balance their budgets and not overspend; and remove price controls and state subsidies. However, anyone must remember that evaluation makes their goods cheaper for foreigners to buy and theoretically makes foreign imports more expensive. In principle it should make the country wary of buying expensive foreign equipment. In practice, however, the IMF actually disrupts this by rewarding the country with a large foreign currency loan that encourages it to purchase imports.  [32]   Balancing national budgets can be done by raising taxes, which the IMF frowns upon, or by cutting government spending, which it definitely recommends. As a result, SAPs often result in deep cuts in programmes like education, health and social care, and the removal of subsidies designed to control the price of basics such as food and milk. So SAPs hurt the poor most, because they depend heavily on these services and subsidies. SAPs encourage countries to focus on the production and export of primary commodities such as cocoa and coffee to earn foreign exchange. But these commodities have notoriously erratic prices subject to the whims of global markets which can depress prices just when countries have invested in these so-called cash crops.  [33]   The term Structural Adjustment Program has gained such a negative connotation that the World Bank and IMF launched a new initiative, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative, and makes countries develop Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). While the name has changed, with PRSPs, the World Bank is still forcing countries to adopt the same types of policies as SAPs. SAPs has caused a lot of protests and strikes around the world for example in December 1990 students at Makerere University protest cutting of stationery and travel allowances arising from a World Bank-imposed SAP. Police fire into a crowd of protesting students, killing two. Other countries are Sudan, Benin, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela,Russia, Nigeria, Niger, Mexico, Jordan, Zaire, Zambia among others.  [34]   Globalization and Competitive Markets in Third World Countries. Nowadays, globalization is playing an important role in the worlds economy. There are many viewpoints involving the concept of globalization but a common one is that globalization is the integration of national markets through international trade an

Importance of Monera :: essays papers

Importance of Monera a)Production of food: cheese, yogurt, vinegar, wine, sour cream, etc. b)Industry : cleaning up petroleum, remove waste products from the water, synthesize drugs and chemicals. Symbiosis : The interdependence of different species, which are sometimes called symbionts. There are three main types of symbiosis, based upon the specific relationship between the species involved: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. Symbiosis that results in mutual benefit to the interdependent organisms is commonly known as mutualism. An example of mutualism is the coexistence of certain species of algae and fungi that together compose lichens. Their close association enables them to live in extreme environments, nourished only by light, air, and minerals. Living separately, the alga and fungus would not survive in such conditions. In parasitism, also known as antagonistic symbiosis, one organism receives no benefits and is often injured while supplying nutrients or shelter for the other organism. Parasites include viruses and bacteria that cause many diseases; certain protozoans that can infect plants and animals; tapeworms and flukes that infest the intestinal tracks and internal organs of animals. The type of symbiosis known as commensalism is a food-sharing association between two different kinds of nonparasitic animals, called commensals, that is harmless to both and in many cases is mutually advantageous. Many commensals are free to separate. Other commensals function together so completely that they cannot separate. They do not harm each other. An example is a polyp found in deep water off the coast of Newfoundland. It attaches itself to the shell of a certain species of hermit crab and, by budding, covers the entire shell with a colony that dissolves the original shell. Because the colony grows at the same rate as the crab, it furnishes continuous protection, and the crab does not shed its shell at periodic intervals as it normally would. The polyp, in turn, benefits by moving about with the crab, thereby obtaining a greater food supply than it would if attached to a stationary object. Uses of Bacteria in the Environment : Bacteria feed on dying material and convert it back into basic substances. This process of decomposition is as significant as photosynthesis, for without it food chains would cease, and fallen trees, leaves, and other refuse would simply pile up. Bacteria also strongly influence the movement of key elements, such as sulfur, iron, phosphorus, and carbon, around the globe. The weathering of rocks, which releases elements back into life systems for use, is substantially enhanced by the breakdown processes of bacteria. Uses of Bacteria in Sewage Disposal : The main cleansing agents in sewage treatment are a variety of specialized bacteria that convert,

The Psychological Effects of Gender Roles Essay -- Gender Roles Equali

The Psychological Effects of Gender Roles â€Å"Let the boys be boys.† You’ve heard this phrase before. Often repeated by parents regarding their little boys. So what makes a boy, a boy? Rambo like characteristics? Muscles? Short hair? Wearing blue? Wearing T-shirts and jeans or playing with sporting equipment? Well last I remember, the main characteristics boys shared were penises. The role gender association play in the lives of our children can sometimes affect them negatively. The messages that gender roles send, is that in order to be part of society, you must fit into the norm or the status quo or most importantly what society deems as acceptable. But all the while, trying to incorporate individuality and establishing ones sense of self. Two conflicting ideas that can confuse a child and also alter the way they live their lives. There are two colors that are designated to babies that serve one purpose and one purpose only. Most infant boys were the color blue and girls wear pink. Seeing that it is difficult to determine the sex of an infant without general exposure to the genitals, most parents choose to clothe they’re young child in the respective colors so people will know whether it is a boy or a girl. After all, what male infant wears pink? When the children grow older, do they still continue the practice the color identification game? This is wear it changes. When boys reach the age wear they start dressing themselves and start buying their own clothes, they will continue to wear the blues and the greens and even yellows and reds, but not pink or violet, cause those are â€Å"girly† colors. Girls on the other hand, when they reach the same age still continue to wear the pink and violets and can even wear the blues, yellows, blacks, and greens. So why can girls make the â€Å"cross-over† without being teased or mocked but boys cant without being called a gay or a fagot. The clothing issue goes farther than that. The fashion industry does make boundaries with clothing. There is women’s clothing and men’s clothing. Women can wear men’s clothing, and at times its the stylish thing to do. Young girls can dress like boys or wear boys clothing and at times will only be called a tom-boy, but that is acceptable to society. Let’s see a man in public wearing a dress, and we stop and go out of our way to break our necks just so we can get a good look.... ...d am able to observe what is going on and what can happen. I’m am in no way implying that making your infant son wear blue is bad and if he wears pink as he gets older, it your fault. I know that I probably wouldn’t be to happy about the fact that my little boy is wearing pink either, but its how you approach and deal with the situation the can have an effect on your child. Many parents would probably tell their children this type of situation, â€Å" Pink is for girls, take it off. What are you gay or something. Are you a sissy? Act like a boy.† (Finaut) It is brought upon so negatively and makes the child feel low and incompetent, especially if they are told this by their fathers. Not everyone will agree with my point of view and that is something I understand, but its all about being open-minded which is obviously not the message gender roles send. Works Cited Finaut, Jim. Personal Interview, 11, July 1999. Hales, Dianne. Invitation to Health: Power of Prevention, eighth edition. California: Brooks/Cole, 1990. Richards, Orland. Personal Interview, 13 July 1999. Tannen, Deborah. You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Ballantine, 1990.

Essay example --

Cloud computing: Cloud computing is the inevitable future of phones and computers, its a fairly simple concept, it puts the power of a larger powerful device in a smaller less powerful device.For example say you want to play a game that only a computer is powerful enough to play but you want to play it on your phone but your phone is not powerful enough to run kerbal space program so via internet it accesses a more powerful public supercomputer and tells the computer to run the game and your phone just acts as an interface allowing you to play the game.You're also already surrounded by cloud computing, take websites for example a server and computer far away does the computations for the website which allows for these websites to stay secure, things like google drive store your cloud info and allow you to edit it and save it directly to google storage.Websites and storage is just the basis of of what cloud computing and the internet can do. Providers of cloud services could offer c ertain types of service kind of like cellphone plans, pay as you go or a fixed amount. You could have ...

Shottky diode

The Schottky diode is an important device which is widely used in radio-frequency (RF) applications. It possesses many similarities to the point-contact diode. In fact many of the early devices were made in the same way as a point-contact diode, although today's devices are made with totally different manufacturing techniques. Unlike conventional semiconductor diodes, which consist of a PN Junction, the Schottky diode is made from a metal semiconductor Junction.This offers a number of dvantages in some circumstances as the diode has a very low forward-voltage drop, and secondly it has a very fast switching speed. Both of these properties make it ideal for many RF applications as well as giving it uses in many other areas, as we shall see. Characteristics. The Schottky diode is what is called a majority carrier device. This gives it tremendous advantages in terms of speed. By making the devices small, the normal RC (resistancecapacitance) type time constants can be reduced, making the Schottky diode an order of magnitude faster than the conventional PN diodes.This factor is he prime reason why they are so popular in RF applications. The Schottky diode also has a much higher current density than an ordinary PN junction. This means that forward-voltage drops are lower, making these diodes ideal for use in powerrectification applications. The main drawback of the diode is found in the level of its reverse current, which is relatively high. For many uses this may not be a problem, but it is a factor which is worth watching when using Schottky diodes in more exacting applications. Variety of Applications.The Schottky diode is used in a wide variety of applications. It can naturally be used as a general-purpose rectifier. However, in terms of RF applications, it is particularly useful because of its high switching speed and high-frequency capability. Schottky diodes are similarly very good as RF detectors as their low capacitance and forward- voltage drop enable them to detect signals which an ordinary PN Junction would not It has already been mentioned that the Schottky diode has a high-current density and low forward-voltage drop. As a result, Schottky diodes are widely used in power supplies.By using these diodes, less power is wasted, making the supply more nd smaller heatsinks may be able to be incorporated in the design. The Schottky diode is used in logic circuits. Although not as common these days, the 74LS (low-power Schottky) and 74S (Schottky) families of logic circuits use Schottky diodes as a core component. The Schottky is inserted between the collector and base of the driver transistor to act as a clamp (see Fig. 2). To. produce a low or logic ‘O' output the transistor is driven hard on, and in this situation the base-collector junction of the diode is forward biased.When the Schottky diode is present, this akes most of the current and allows the turn-off time of the transistor to be greatly reduced, thereby improving the sp eed of the circuit.

Deviance. Topic Questions

University of Wollongong query Online Faculty of hu worldities Papers Faculty of Arts 1993 What Is Hegemonic phallicness? Mike Donaldson University of Wollongong, emailprotected edu. au Publication lucubrate Donaldson, M, What Is Hegemonic antheralness? , supposition and Society, Special loss Masculinities, October 1993, 22(5), 643-657. Copyright 1993 Springer. The original publication is easy here at www. springerlink. com. Research Online is the distri scarcee access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For farther in forgeation get wordtact the UOW Library emailprotected edu. au Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 5,Special Issue Masculinities, Oct. , 1993, pp. 643-657. What Is Hegemonic maleness? Mike Donaldson Sociology, University of Wollongong, Australia Structures of oppression, forces for change A evolution debate within the growing conjectural publications on publicpower and maleness concerns the traffichip of grammatical grammatic al sexual urge schemas to the affable contriveation. cruci altogethery at issue is the brain of the self-direction of the sexual practice order. approximately, in peculiar(a) Waters, atomic sitee 18 of the opinion that change in virile grammatical sexual practice administrations diachronicly has been ca employ exogenously and that, without those external factors, the dodges would stably re act uponulate. 1) For Hochs tike, the motor of this affable change is the economy, in circumstancesicular and currently, the decline in the purchasing military gathering of the manlike wage, the decline in the number and proportion of male clever and bungling jobs, and the rise in female jobs in the growing proceedss sector. (2) I collect argued that grammatical gender dealing themselves argon bisected by elucidate relations and vice-versa, and that the salient effect for summary is the relation amid the two. (3) On the other side of the argu pass away forcet, ot hers retrieve been severe to establish the laws of motion of gender governances.Connell, for instance, has insisted on the independence of their structures, patterns of move elaborate forcet. and determinations, well-nigh nonably in his devastating critiques of sexualityrole theory. Change is al rooms roundthing that happens to sex roles, that impinges on them. It tote ups from outside, as in discussions of how technological and economic changes demand a stimulate to a modern male role for work force. Or it comes from inside the roughbody, from the real self that protests against the artificial restrictions of constricting roles.Sex role theory has no way of grasping change as a dialectic arising within gender relations themselves. It has no way of grasping social kinetics that burn d k straight offledge solely be seriously considered when the historicity of the structure of gender relations, the gender order of the society, is the point of departure. (4) This conc ern with broad, historical movework forcet is linked to the uncertainty of male sexual politics. Clearly, if work force wish to con 10d patriarchy and win, the central question essential(prenominal)(prenominal) be, who and where ar the army of redressers? (5) But the govern manpowertal project of rooting out the sexism in masculinity has proved intensely difficult because the hindrance of constructing a move go alongst of manpower to strip down hegemonic masculinity is that its logic is non the articulation of corporal interest plainly the attempt to dismantle that interest. (6) It is this innovation of hegemonic masculinity on which the occupation for autonomy of the gender structures turns, for it is this that links their broader historical sweep to re main(prenominal)d see.Put simply, if the gender system has an independence of structure, execution, and determinations, accordingly we should be able to identify counter-hegemonic forces within it if these atomic number 18 non identifiable, indeed we must question the autonomy of the gender system and the world of hegemonic masculinity as central and specific to it. On the other hand, if gender systems ar non autonomous, then the question why, in specific social formations, do real ship groundworkal of creation male predominate, and finical relegates of work force rule? last outs to be answered and the resistances to that order still remain to be identified.The semipolitical implications of the issue be clear. If in that respect is an independent structure of masculinity, then it should hit counter-hegemonic move handsts of custody, and any good blokes should get tangled in them. If the structure is non independent, or the move manpowerts non counterhegemonic, or the counter-hegemony non moving, then political practice will not be centred on masculinity and what do we manpower do then, about the manful images in and by dint of which we withdraw do a wor ld so untamed to al some of its inhabitants?Hegemony and masculinity Twenty years ago, Patricia Sexton nominateed that male norms stress value such as courage, inner direction, accredited forms of aggression, autonomy. mastery, technological skill, assembly solidarity, adventure and enceinte amounts of toughness in mind and body. (7) It is tho relatively recently that social scientists have sought to link that insight with the concept of hegemony, a persuasion as dodgy and difficult as the idea of masculinity itself.Hegemony, a pivotal concept in Gramscis Prison Notebooks and his most signifi beart sh atomic number 18 to Marxist ringing, is about the triumphant and holding of power and the formation (and destruction) of social sorts in that process. In this sense, it is importantly about the ways in which the ruling mannequin establishes and maintains its domination. The ability to impose a definition of the situation, to delineate the terms in which events atom ic number 18 on a lowlyer floorstood and issues discussed, to formulate ideals and define morality is an developed part of this process.Hegemony involves persuasion of the great part of the population, oddly through the media, and the organization of social institutions in ways that appear natural, medium normal. The state, through punishment for non-conformity, is crucially have-to doe with in this duologue and enforcement. (8) Hete go upxuality and homophobia ar the behindrock of hegemonic masculinity and any grounds of its character and meaning is predicated on the feminist insight that in general the kind of men to women is oppressive.Indeed, the term hegemonic masculinity was invented and is used primarily to maintain this central counselling in the critique of masculinity. A inbred element of hegemonic masculinity. then. is that women exist as potential sexual objects for men while men ar negated as sexual objects for men. Women volunteer straightaway m en with sexual validation, and men compete with from each one other for this. This does not tint atfully involve men being particularly nasty to individual women. Women whitethorn feel as oppressed by non-hegemonic masculinities, whitethorn even come about some lookings of the hegemonic pattern to a greater extent familiar and manageable. (9) much than liter books have appeared in the English expression in the last decade or so on men and masculinity. What is hegemonic masculinity as it is presented in this growing literature? Hegemonic masculinity, particularly as it appears in the whole kit and caboodle of Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. Chapman, Cockburn, Connell, Lichterman, Messner, and Rutherford, involves a specific strategy for the have of women. In their view, hegemonic masculinity concerns the dread of and the alleviation valve from women. A culturally idealized form, it is some(prenominal) a ad hominem and a collective project, and is the common sense about brea dwinning and man.It is exclusive, anxiety-provoking, internally and hierarchically differentiated, brutal, and violent. It is pseudo-natural, tough, contradictory, crisis-prone, easy, and socially sustained. era centrally connected with the institutions of male dominance, not all men practice it. though most get ahead from it. Although cross-class. it often excludes on the job(p)class and black men. It is a lived control, and an economic and cultural force, and dependent on social arrangements. It is constructed through difficult negotiation over a life beat-time. Fragile it may be, neverthe slight it constructs the most dangerous things we live with.Resilient, it in somatics its own critiques, that it is, nonetheless(prenominal), unravelling. (10) What tooshie men do with it? match to the authors cited above, and others, hegemonic masculinity can be analyzed, distanced from, appropriated, negated, quarreld, reproduced, separated from, renounced, representn up, chosen, constructed with difficulty, confirmed, imposed, dead soul from, and modernized. (But not, apparently, enjoyed. ) What can it do to men? It can fascinate, undermine, appropriate some mens room room bodies, organize, impose, illuminate itself off as natural, deform, harm, and deny. But not, come alongingly, enrich and satisfy. ) Which groups are most sprightly voice in the reservation of masculinist sexual ideology? It is honest that the freshly Right and fascism are sprucely constructing aggressive, dominant, and violent feigns of masculinity. But generally, the most prestigious agents are considered to be priests, journalists, advertisers, politicians, psychiatrists, designers, playwrights, film bump offrs, actors, novelists, musicians, activists, academics, coaches, and sportsmen. They are the weavers of the fabric of hegemony as Gramsci put it, its organizing intellectuals. These plurality regulate and manage gender regimes invent experiences, fantasies, and perspe ctives reflect on and interpret gender relations. (11) The cultural ideals these regulators and managers create and perpetuate. we are told, motif not correspond at all reason outly to the actual personalities of the majority of men (not even to their own ). The ideals may lodge in in fantasy figures or models removed(p) from the lives of the unheroic majority, tho while they are rattling public, they do not exist only as publicity.The public face of hegemonic masculinity, the argument goes. is not necessarily even what puissant men are, but is what sustains their power, and is what large amount of men are motivated to confine because it benefits them. What most men maintenance is not necessarily what they are. Hegemonic masculinity is naturalised in the form of the hero and presented through forms that roll out around heroes sagas, ballads, westerns, thrillers, in books, films, television, and in -sporting events. (12) What in the early literature had been scripted of a s the male sex ole is best dealn as hegemonic masculinity, the culturally idealised form of manlike character which, however, may not be the usual form of masculinity at all. To say that a particular form of masculinity is hegemonic means that its exaltation stabilizes a structure of dominance and oppression in the gender order as a whole. To be culturally exalted, the pattern of masculinity must have instances who are noteworthy as heroes. (13) But when we examine these bearers of hegemonic masculinity, they witnessm scarcely up to the task, with to a greater extent than than exclusively feet of clay.A bunsball star is a model of hegemonic masculinity. (14) But is a model? When the self-aggrandising Australian Rules football player, Warwick the tightest shorts in sports Capper, combined football with modelling, does this confirm or decrease his exemplary status? When Wally (the tycoon) Lewis explained that the price he will hand for another(prenominal) five years p layacting in the professional Rugby unite is the surgical replacement of two his knees, this is undoubtedly the stuff of good, old, tried and true, tough and stoic, masculinity.But how tidy is a man who mutilates his body, almost as a matter of vogue, merely because of a job? When Lewis announced that he was quitting the real prestigious State of Origin football series because his year-old daughter had been diagnosed as hearing-impaired, is this hegemonic? In Australian surfing champion, iron man Steve Donoghue, Connell has plunge an exemplar of masculinity who lives an exemplary version of hegemonic masculinity. But, says Donoghue, I have love the idea of not having to work .Five hours a day is still a upsurge but it is something that I enjoy that passel are not telling me what to do. This is not the right stuff. Nor are hegemonic men hypothetical to admit to strangers that their life is like being in jail. Connell reveals further contradictions when he explains that S teve, the exemplar of masculine toughness, finds his own exemplary status prevents him from doing exactly what his peer group defines as thoroughly masculine behaviour exhalation wild, showing off, drunk driving, getting into fights, reason his own prestige. This is not power. And when we look to see why many young men take up sport we find they are dictated by the famish for affiliation in the words of Hammond and Jablow we see the felt take for connectedness and nighness. How hegemonic is this? (15) crotchet and counter-hegemony Let us, however, pursue the argument by turning now to examine those purported counter-hegemonic forces that are supposedly generated by the gender system itself. There are three main reasons why male queerness is regarded as counter-hegemonic. Firstly, disgust to homo- exuality is seen as fundamental to male straight personity fleckly, homosexuality is associated with effeminacy and 3rdly, the form of homosexual plea for certain is itself cons idered subversive. (16) Antagonism to homo men is a standard trace of hegemonic masculinity in Australia. Such hostility is inherent in the construction of heterosexual masculinity itself. Conformity to the demands of hegemonic masculinity, pushes heterosexual men to homophobia and rewards them for it, in the form of social foul and reduced anxiety about their own manliness.In other words, male heterosexual individuation is sustained and affirmed by offense for, and fear of, gay men. (17) Although homosexuality was congenial with hegemonic masculinity in other quantify and places, this was not true in post-invasion Australia. The most obvious characteristic of Australian male homosexuals, according to Johnston and Johnston, has been a double deviance. It has been and is a constant struggle to attain the goals roofy by hegemonic masculinity, and some men take exception this rigidity by ac grappleledging their own effeminacy. This rejection and command assisted in changing homosexuality from being an aberrant (and widespread) sexual practice, into an indistinguishability when the homosexual and lesbian subcultures pinchd the hegemonic gender roles, mirror-like, for each sex. Concomitantly or consequently, homosexual men were socially be as unmanly and any kind of powerlessness, or a refusal to compete, readily becomes involved in the vision of homosexuality (18) While being subverted in this fashion, hegemonic masculinity is overly jeopardize by the assertion of a homosexual individuality confident that homosexuals are able to give each other sexual pleasure.According to Connell, the inherent egalitarianism in gay kindreds that exists because of this transitive verb structure (my lovers lover can besides be my lover), challenges the hierarchical and oppressive temper of male heterosexuality. (19) However, over time, the connection between homosexuality and effeminacy has broken. The flight from masculinity evident in male homosexuality, note d thirty years ago by Helen Hacker, may be true no longer, as forms of homosexual behaviour face to require an exaggeration of some aspects of hegemonic masculinity, notably the cult of oughness and physical aggression. If hegemonic masculinity necessarily involves aggression and physical dominance, as has been suggested, then the affirmation of gay sexuality need not imply support for womens bagging at all, as the chequered experience of women in the gay movement attests. (20) More than a decade ago, Australian lesbians had noted, We make the mistake of assuming that lesbianism, in itself, is a radical position. This had led us, in the past, to support a whole range of events, ventures, political perspectives, etc. ust because it is lesbians who hold those beliefs or are doing things. It is as ludicrous as accept that every working class person is a communist. (21) Even though at that place are many reasons to think that there are important differences in the expression and c onstruction of womens homosexuality and mens homosexuality, peradventure there is something to be learned from this. Finally, it is not gayness that is clearive to homosexual men, but maleness. A man is lusted after(prenominal) not because he is homosexual but because hes a man. How counter-hegemonic can this be?Changing men, gender divider and nonrecreational and undischarged work Connell notes, Two possible ways of working for the ending of patriarchy which move beyond guilt, fixing your head and heart, and blaming men, are to challenge gender segmentation in compensable work and to work in mens counter-sexist groups. Particularly, though, countersexist politics need to move beyond the small consciousness raising group to operate in the workplace, unions and the state. (22) It is sound to opine men challenge gender segmentation in paid work by voluntarily dropping a third of their wage packet.But it does happen, although perhaps the change magnitude slabber of men in to womens jobs may have to a greater extent to do with the prodding of a certain invisible finger. Lichterman has suggested that more than political elements of the mens movement contain benevolent service workers, students, parttimers. and odd-jobbers. Those in paid work, work in over-whelmingly female occupations -counselling, nursing, and elementary teaching are mentioned. In this sense, their position in the turn over market has made them predisposed to comment hegemonic masculinity, the common sense about breadwinning and manhood. It can similarly be seen as a defence against the loss of these things, as men attempt to colonize womens occupations in a job market that is increasingly competitive, particularly for mens jobs.? (23) If we broaden the focus on the desegmentation of paid work to include unpaid work, more interesting things occur. While Connell has suggested that hegemonic masculinity is confirmed in fatherhood, the practice of parenting by men actually calcu lates to undermine it. virtually men have an exceptionally destitute idea about what fatherhood involves, and indeed, active parenting doesnt even enter into the idea of manhood at all.Notions of fathering that are acceptable to men concern the exercise of impartial discipline, from an aflame distance and removed from favouritism and partiality. In hegemonic masculinity, fathers do not have the competency or the skill or the need to electric charge for tikeren, especially for babies and infants, while the relationship between female parents and young small fryren is seen as crucial. Nurturant and care- with child(p) behaviour is simply not manly. Children, in turn, tend to have more abstract and impersonal relations with their fathers.The difficulty is severely compounded for divorced fathers, most of whom have extremely teeny-weeny steamy contact with their children. (24) As Messner has explained, while the man is out there establishing his .name in public, the woman is ordinarily home caring for the day-to-day and moment-to-moment require of her family . Tragically, only in mid- life, when the children have already left the nest do some men discover the importance of connection and intimacy. (25) Nonetheless, of the footling time that men spend in unpaid work, proportionally more of it goes now into child care.Russell has begun to explore the possibility that greater participation by men in parenting has led to substantial shifts in their ideas of masculinity. The reverse is probably true too. Hochschild found in her study that men who shared care with their partners rejected their own detached, absent and tyrannic fathers. The number of men primarily amenable for parenting has grown dramatically in Australia, increasing five-fold between 1981 and 1990. The number of families with dependent children in which the man was not in paid work but the woman was, rose from 16,200 in 1981 to 88,100 in 1990.Women, however, still amount men in this po sition ten to one. (26) Not only a mans subservient relations with others are challenged by close parenting, but so are his slavish relations with himself. work forces sense of themselves is threatened by intimacy. Discovering the affection, autonomy, and agency of babies and children, disconcerted by an unusual inability to cope, men are compelled to re-evaluate their attitude to themselves. In Russells study, the fathers who provided primary child care constantly marvelled at and welcomed the changes that had taken place in their relationships with their children. (27) Even Neville Wran, the former premier of the Australian state of overbold South Wales whose most renowned political activity was putting the blowtorch to the breadbasket of political opponents. said of fatherhood, which occurred in his sixties, Its making me a more patient, tolerant, reckoning human being. Im a real marshmallow. (28) The men who come to full-time fathering do not, however, regard themselves a s unmanly, even though their experiences have resulted in major shifts in their ideas about children, child care, and women.In fact, one quarter of them considered these changes a major gain from their parenting work. This was despite the fact that these mens male friends and workmates were highly critical of their desertion of the breadwinner role, describing them, for instance, as being bludgers, a bit funny, a bit of a woman, and under the thumb. (29) This stigmatism may be receding as the possibility of securing the childrens future, once part of the fathers righteousness in his relations with the public sphere, is fitting less and less possible as unemployment bites deeper. 30) Child-minders and day-care workers have confirmed that the children of active fathers were more secure and less anxious than the children of non-active fathers. mental studies have revealed them to be better unquestionable socially and intellectually. Furthermore, the results of active fatherhood look to last. There is considerable evidence to suggest that greater interaction with fathers is better for children, with the sons and daughters of active fathers displaying lower levels of sex-role stereotyping. (31) workforce who share the second shift had a happier family life and more harmonious marriages.In a longitudinal study, Defrain found that parents reported that they were happier and their relationships improved as a result of shared parenting. In an American study, house husbands felt positive about their increase contribution to the family-household, paid work became less central to their definition of themselves, and they noted an forward motion in their relationships with their female partners. (32) One of the substantial bases for metamorphosis for Connells six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement as the learning of domestic labour, which involves giving to people, looking after people. In the similar sense that feminism claimed wound up lif e as a source of arrogance and self respect, active fathers are repugn hegemonic masculinity. For hegemonic masculinity, real work is elsewhere, and relationships dont require energy, but provide it. (33) There is overly the question of time. The time spent establishing the intimacy that a man may crave is also time away from establishing and maintaining the competitive edge, or the public face. There are no prizes for being a good father, not even when being one is defined narrowly in terms of breadwinning. (34) societal struggles over time are signify with class and gender. It is not only that the rich and powerful are paid handsomely for the time they sell, have more disposable time, more free time, more control over how they use their time, but the gender dimensions of time use within classes are equally compelling. No one performs less unpaid work, and receives greater remuneration for time spent in paid work, than a male of the ruling class.The changes that are occurring remain uncertain, and there is, of course, a sting in the tail. Madison Avenue has found that emotional lability and soft receptivity to whats current and raise are more appropriate to a consumer-orientated society than hardness and emotional distance. departed television commercials tended to portray men as Marlboro macho or as idiots, but contemporary viewers see men readiness, feeding babies, and shopping. Insiders in the advertising perseverance say that the quick and easy cooking sections of magazines and refreshedspapers are as much to attract male readers as overworked women.U. S. Sports Illustrated now carries advertisements for coffee, cereal, deodorants, and soup. According to Judith Langer, whose market-research firm services A. T. & T. , Gil allowte. and Pepsico among others, it is now acceptably masculine to care about ones house. (35) The new man that comes at us through the media seems to reinforce the social order without challenging it. And he brings with hi m, too, a new con for women. In their increasing assumption of breadwinning, femocratic and skilled worker occupations, the line goes, women render themselves incomplete.They must -give up their femininity in their appropriation of male jobs and power, but men who embrace the feminine become more complete. (36) And if that isnt tricky enough, the new men that seem to be emerging are simply unattractive. Indeed, theyre boring. Connells six changing heterosexual men in the environmental movement were attracted to women who were strong, independent, active. (37) Isnt everybody attracted by these qualities? Gay men find new men irritating and new men are not too sure how keen they should be on each other, and no feminist worth her common salt would be seen dead with one.The ruling class Really real men? If the meaning of the concept of hegemonic masculinity is that it directs us to look for the contradictions within an autonomous gender system that will cause its transformation, then we must conclude it has failed. The challenges to hegemonic masculinity identified by its theorists and outlined above seem either to be complicit with, or broader than, the gender system that has apparently generated them. I can value why Connell is practically interested in and theoretically intrigued by arguing against the notion of the externality of gender change. Both experience and theory show the impossibility of liberating a dominant group and the difficulty of constructing a movement based not on the shared interest of a group but on the attempt to dismantle that interest. (38) (My emphasis). The key is the phrase constructing a movement. It is only a system which has its own dynamics that can produce the social forces obligatory to change radically that system. But Connell himself has written that gender is part of the relations of drudgery and has always been so.And similarly, that social science cannot understand the state, the political economy of advanced capital ist economy. the personality of class, the process of modernisation or the nature of imperialism, the process of socialisation, the structure of consciousness or the politics of knowledge, without a full-blooded analysis of gender. (39) There is nothing outside gender. To be involved in social relations is to be inextricably inside gender. If everything, in this sense, is within gender, why should we be disquieted about the exteriority of the forces for social change?Politics, economics, engineering science are gendered. We have seen the invisible hand someone wittier than I remarked, It is white, hairy and manicured. Is there, then, some place we can locate exemplars of hegemonic masculinity that are less fractured, more coherent, and thusly easier to read? Where its central and defining features can be seen in sharper relief? If the public face of hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily even what powerful men are, then what are they necessarily? why is it no mean feat to pr oduce the kind of people who can actually operate a capitalist system? (40) Even though the concept hegemony is grow in concern with class domination, regular knowledge of ruling class masculinity is slight as yet, but it is sure enough intriguing. One aspect of ruling class hegemonic masculinity is the belief that women dont count in big matters, and that they can be dealt with by jocular patronage in little matters. Another is in defining what big and little are. intimate politics are simply not a bother to men of the ruling class. Senior executives couldnt dish out as bosses without the patriarchal household.The exercise of this form of power requires quite special conditions formal femininity and domestic subordination. Two-thirds of male treetop executives were married to housewives. The qualities of intelligence and the capacity for hard work which these women bring to marriage are matched, as friends of Anita Keating, the wife of the Prime diplomatic minister of Aust ralia, remarked, by intense devotion her husband and her children are her life. Colleen Fahey, the wife of the premier of new South Wales, had completed an 18-month part-time horticulture course at her local technical college, and she valued to continue her studies full-time. But my husband wouldnt let met, she said. He said that he didnt think it was right for a mother to have a job when she had a 13-year-old child I think if Id put my foot down and said Id really wanted a career, hed have said, Youre a malodorous mother leaving those kids. (41) The case for this sort of behaviour is simply not as compelling for working-class men, the mothers and the wives of most of whom contract paid work as a matter of course. Success itself can aggrandise this need for total devotion, while change magnitude the chances of its fulfilment outside of the domestic realm.For the undefeated are likely to have difficulty establishing intimate and lasting friendships with other males becaus e of low self-disclosure, homophobia, and cut-throat competition. The corporate world expects men to utter little of their personal lives and to restrain personal feelings, especially affectionate ones, towards their colleagues while cultivating a certain bland affability. Within the corporate structure, success is achieved through individual competition rather than dyadic or group bonding. The distinction between home and work is crucial and carefully maintained. For men in the corporation, friends have their place outside work. (42) While William Shawcross, the biographer of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, found him courageous and charming, others close to Murdoch described him as arrogant, cocky, insensitive, verging on dangerous, dead ruthless, and an efficient Visigoth. Murdoch himself described his life as consisting of a series of interlocking wars. Shawcross also found that Murdoch possessed an instinctive feel for money and power and how to use them both had a relentless, u nceasing drive and energy, worked harder and more determinedly than anybody else, was sure that what he was doing was line up, believed that he had become invincible, and was driven by the desire to win at all costs. (43) And how must it feel to know that you can have whatsoever you want, and that end-to-end your life you will be looked after in every way, even to the point of never having to dress and undress yourself? thereof the view that hegemonic masculinity is hegemonic insofar as it succeeds in relation to women is true, but partial. Competitiveness, a combination of the calculative and the combative, is institutionalised in business and is central to hegemonic masculinity. The enterprise of winning is life-consuming, and this form of competitiveness is an inward dark competitiveness, focussed on the self, creating, in fact, an instrumentality of the personal. (44)Hegemonic masculinity is a question of how particular groups of men inhabit positions of power and wealth, and how they decriminalise and reproduce the social relationships that generate their dominance. (45) by hegemonic masculinity most men benefit from the control of women. For a very a couple of(prenominal) men, it delivers control of other men. To put it another way, the crucial difference between hegemonic masculinity and other masculinities is not the control of women, but the control of men and the representation of this as universal social advancement, to paraphrase Gramsci.Patriarchal capitalism delivers the sense, before a man of whatever masculinity even climbs out of bed in the morning, that he is better than fractional of humankind. But what is the nature of the masculinity collateral not only that, but also delivering power over most men as well? And what are its attractions? A sociology of rulingclass men is long overdue. Footnotes 1. M. Waters. Patriarchy and Viriarchy An geographic expedition and Reconstruction of Concepts of Masculine Domination. Sociology 7 (1 989) 143-162. 2. A. Hochschild with A. Machung. The abet Shit Woking parents and the Revolution at fundament ( in the buff York Viking. 989) 257. 3. M. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney Allen and Unwin, 1991). 3. R. Connell. Theorising sex activity, Sociology, 19 (1985) 263 R. Connell, The wrong(p) Stuff Reflections on the Place of sexual activity in American Sociology. in H. J. Gans, editor, Sociology in America ( advancedbury-Park Sage Publications 1990), 158 R. Connell, The State, Gender and internal Politics Theory and Appraisal , Theory and Society 19/5 (1990) 509-523. 5. Connell. Theorising Gender, 260. 6. R. Connell, Which route is Up? Essays on Class, Sex and glossiness (Sydney George Allen and Unwin, 1983), 234-276. 7.T. Carrigan, B. Connell. and J. Lee, Toward a natural Sociology of Masculinity. in H. Brod. editor. The qualification of Masculinities The mod Mens Studies (Boston. Allen and Unwin), 75. 8. R. Connell. Gende r and index number Society, the Person and Sexual Politics (Sydney Allen and Unwin. 1987), 107 Carrigan. Connell and Lee, 95. 9. Carrigan, Connell. and Lee. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. 86 Connell, Which room is Up? 185. 10. Connell, Which expression is Up Connell. Gender and baron R. Connell, A strong New public Remaking Masculinity in the consideration of the Environmental Movement, Gender and Society 4 (1990) 352-378 R.Connell. An contract Man The Body and Some Contradictions of Hegemonic Masculinity, in M. Messner and D. Sabo, editors, Sport, Men and the Gender high society (Champaign. Ill. Human Kinetics Books, 1990) Connell, The State, Gender and Sexual Politics Carrigan, Connell and Lee, 86 R. Chapman. The Great postiche Variations in the New Man Theme. in R. Chapman and J. Rutherford. editors. . manly Order Unwrapping Masculinity (London Lawrence and Wishart. 1988) 9-18 C. Cockburn. Masculinity, the Left and Feminism. in Male Order103329 P. Lichterman . Making a Politics of Masculinity, Comparative Social Research 11 (1989) 185-208 M. Messner The Meaning of Success The acrobatic Experience and the Development of Male Identity, in The Making of Masculinities193-2 10 J. Rutherford. Whos That Man? in Male Order, 21-67. I I. Connell, Which Way is Up 236, 255, 256. 12. Connell, Which Way is Up 185,186,239. 13. Connell, Iron Man, 83, 94. 14. Connell, only New World, 459. 15. D. Hammond and A. Jablow, Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid The Myth of Male Friendship, in The Making of Masculinities 256 Messner. The Meaning of Success, 198 Connell. Iron Man. 87, 93 Donoghue in Connell. Iron Man, 84-85. 16. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity Connell, Gender and Power. 17. G. Herek, On Heterosexual Masculinity Some somatogenic Consequences of the Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality, in M. Kimmel, editor, Changing Men, New Directions on Men and Masculinity (Newbury Park Sage. 1987) 71-72 Connell. Whole New World, 369. 18. Carrigan, Connell and Lee, Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity 93 C. Johnson and R. Johnston, The Making of Homosexual Men. in V. Burgmann and J.Lee, editors, fleck the Wattle. A Peoples History of Australia Since 1788. (Fitzroy McPhee Gribble/Penguin, 1988) 91 Connell, Gender and Power 80 Carrigan, Connell and Lee 86. 19. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee. 85 Connell. Gender and Power 116. 20. Johnston and Johnston. Homosexual Men. 94 Carrigan. Connell, and Lee. 74 J. Hearn, The Gender of Oppression Men, Masculinity and the Critique of Marxism (Brighton Wheatsheaf, 1987) Connell, , Gender and Power 60 Connell, Which Way is Up 234. 177-178. 21. Otto in L. Ross. Escaping the easy of Loneliness. Staining the Wattle 107. 22.Connell. Whole New World, 474-475, 477. 23, Lichterman, Making a Politics. 187-188, 201, 204. 24. Hochschild, atomic number 16 Shift, 239 V. Seidler, Fathering, authorisation and Masculinity, Male Order, 276 G. Russell, The Changing business of fice of Fathers? (St. Lucia University of Queensland Press. 1983), 98. 117 Seidler, Fathering, 287 Hochschild, Second Shift, 249 Connell, Which Way is Up, 32. 25. Messner. Meaning of Success, 201. 26. Russell, Changing Role Hochschild, Second Shift, 2, 217, 227 C. Armitage, House Husbands. The Problems They Face, Sydney Morning predict (4 July 1991) 16. 27. Seidler. Fathering, 298, 290, 295 Russell, Changing Role, 177. 28. Bicknell, Neville Wran A Secret Sadness, New Idea (May 11, 1991) 18. 29. Russell, Changing Role, 128-129, 135-136. 30, Seidler. Fathering, 283. 31. Hochschild, Second Shift, 218, 237 P. Stein. Men in Families, Marriage and Family Review 7 (1984) 155. 32. Hochschild, Second Shift, 216 Defrain in Stein, Men in Families. 156 E. Prescott, New Men, American Demographics 5 (1983) 19. 33. Connell. Whole New World. 465 Seidler, Fathering, 275. 31. Donaldson, Time of Our Lives, 20-29. 35. Chapman, Great Pretender, 212 Prescott, New Men. 16, 20, 18. 36. Chapman, Great Pr etender, 213. 37. Connell, Whole New World, 465. 38. Connell, Whole New World, 176. 39. Connell, Gender and Power, 15 Connell, The scathe Stuff, 161. 40. Connell, Which Way is Up 71. 41. R. Connell, Teachers Work (Sydney George Allen and Unwin, 1985). 187 Connell. Which Way is Up 71 Hochschild, Second Shift, 255 N. Barrowblough and P. McGeough. womanhood of Mystery. The Trump Card Keating Hasnt Played, Sydney Morning Herald, (8 June 1991) 35. D. Cameron. salutary an Average Mrs. Premier, Sydney Morning Herald, (28 Nov. 1992) 41. 42. M.Barrett, Womens Oppression immediately Problems in . Marxist Feminist abridgment (London Verso, 1980) 187-216 Messner, Meaning of Success. 201 R. Ochberg, The Male Career principle and The Ideology of Role, in The Making of Masculinities 173. 184 Hammond and Jablow, 255-256 Illawarra Mercury, Family Comments Greeted with Fury. (1 declination 1992) 7. 43. W. Shawcross, Rupert Murdoch, Ringmaster of the Information Circus (Sydney Random House. 1 992). 44. Carrigan. Connell. and Lee, 92 Connell, Gender and Power, 156 Connell. Iron Man. 91 Seidler. Fathering, 279. 45. Carrigan, Connell, and Lee, 92.